a state of barbarism lived under the binding influence of custom.
In this period people were born under _status_, or condition, not under
law. Gradually the old family life expanded into the state, and
government became more formal. Law appeared as the expression of the
will of the people directly or indirectly through their
representatives. True, it may have been the arbitrary ruling of a
king, but he represented the unity of the race and spoke with the
authority of the nation. Law found no expression until there was
formed an organic community capable of having a will respecting the
control of those who composed it. It implies a governing body and a
body governed; it implies an orderly movement of society according to a
rule of action called law. While social order is generally obtained
through law and government, such is the practice in modern life that
the orderly association of men in trade and commerce and in daily
contact appears to stand alone and to rise above the control of the
law. Indeed, in a true civilization, the civil code, though an
essential factor, seems to be outclassed by the higher social instincts
based on the practice of social order.

(6) _Religion_ must take a large place as a factor in the development
of civilization. The character of the religious belief of man is, to a
certain extent, the true test of his progressive {13} nature. His
faith may prove a source of inspiration to reason and progressive life;
it may prove the opposite, and lead to stagnation and retrogression.
Upon the whole, it must be insisted that religious belief has subserved
a large purpose in the economy of human progress. It has been
universal to all tribes, for even the lowest have some form of
religious belief--at least, a belief in spiritual beings. Religious
belief thus became the primary source of abstract ideas, and it has
always been conducive to social order. It has, in modern times
especially, furnished the foundation of morality. By surrounding
marriage with ceremonies it has purified the home life, upheld the
authority of the family, and thus strengthened social order. It has
developed the individual by furnishing an ideal before science and
positive knowledge made it possible. It strengthened patriotic feeling
on account of service rendered in supporting local government, and
subjectively religion improved man by teaching him to obey a superior.
Again, by its tradition it frequently stifled thou