expression. The fine arts follow the development of language. The
love of the beautiful slowly develops.

VIII. THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL NATURE ON HUMAN PROGRESS . . 141

Man is a part of universal nature. Favorable location is necessary for
permanent civilization. The nature of the soil an essential condition
of progress. The use of land the foundation of social order. Climate
has much to do with the possibilities of progress. The general aspects
of nature determine the type of civilization. Physical nature
influences social order.

IX. CIVILIZATION OF THE ORIENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

The first nations with historical records in Asia and Africa.
Civilization in Mesopotamia. Influences coming from the Far East.
Egypt becomes a centre of civilization. The coming of the Semites.
The Phoenicians became the great navigators. A comparison of the
Egyptian and Babylonian empires. The Hebrews made a permanent
contribution to world civilization. The civilization of India and
China. The coming of the Aryans.

X. THE ORIENTAL TYPE OF CIVILIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

The governments of the early Oriental civilizations. War existed for
conquest and plunder. Religious belief was an important factor in
despotic {ix} government. Social organization was incomplete.
Economic influences. Records, writing, and paper. The beginnings of
science were strong in Egypt, weak in Babylon. The contribution to
civilization.

XI. BEGINNINGS OF CIVILIZATION IN AMERICA . . . . . . . . . . 186

America was peopled from the Old World. The Incas of Peru. Aztec
civilization in Mexico. The earliest centres of civilization in
Mexico. The Pueblo Indians of the Southwest. The Mound-Builders of
the Mississippi Valley. Other types of Indian life. Why did the
civilization of America fail?

_PART IV_

WESTERN CIVILIZATION

XII. THE OLD GREEK LIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

The old Greek life was the starting-point of Western civilization. The
Aegean culture preceded the coming of the Greeks. The Greeks were of
Aryan stock. The coming of the Greeks. Character of the primitive
Greeks. Influence of old Greek life.

XIII. GREEK PHILOSOPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

The transition from theology to inquiry. Explanation of the universe
by observation and inquiry. The Ionian philosophy turned the mind
toward nature. The weakn