some betel-nut and
_kath_ (catechu) on one leaf, and some lime-paste on another, and roll
them up; this is called _a berah. Some put camphor and musk into it_, and
tie both leaves with a silk thread," etc. (See _Blochmann's Transl._ p.
73.) Finally one of the Chinese notices of Kamboja, translated by Abel
Remusat, says: "When a guest comes it is usual to present him with _areca,
camphor, and other aromatics_." (_Nouv. Mel._ I. 84.)

[Illustration: Map showing the position of the Kingdom of ELY in MALABAR]

[Illustration: Sketch showing the position of KAYAL in TINNEVELLY]

NOTE 5.--This is the only passage of Ramusio's version, so far as I know,
that suggests interpolation from a recent author, as distinguished from
mere editorial modification. There is in Barbosa a description of the
_duello_ as practised in Canara, which is rather too like this one.

[1] "Sonagar or Jonagar is a Tamil corruption of _Yavanar_, the Yavanas,
the name by which the Arabs were known, and is the name most commonly
used in the Tamil country to designate the mixed race descended from
Arab colonists, who are called _Mapillas_ on the Malabar coast, and
_Lubbies_ in the neighbourhood of Madras." (Dr. C.'s note)

[2] I am sorry to say that the coin never reached its destination. In the
latter part of 1872 a quantity of treasure was found near Kayal by the
labourers on irrigation works. Much of it was dispersed without coming
under intelligent eyes, and most of the coins recovered were Arabic.
One, however, is stated to have been a coin of "Joanna of Castille,
A.D. 1236." (_Allen's India Mail_, 5th January, 1874.) There is no such
queen. Qu. Joanna I. of _Navarre_ (1274-1276)? or Joanna II. of
_Navarre_ (1328-1336)?

[3] See above, p. 334, as to Dr. Caldwell's view of Polo's Sonderbandi. May
not _Ashar_ very well represent _Ashadha_, "invincible," among the
applications of which Williams gives "N. of a prince". I observe also
that _Aschar_ (Sansk. _Aschariya_ "marvellous") is the name of one of
the objects of worship in the dark _Sakti_ system, once apparently
potent in S. India. (See _Taylor's Catalogue Raisonne_, II. 414, 423,
426, 443, and remark p. xlix.)

["Ils disent donc que Dieu qu'ils appellent _Achar_, c'est-a-dire,
immobile ou immuable." (_F. Bernier, Voy._, ed. 1699, II. p.
134.)--_MS. Note_.--H.Y.]

CHAPTER XXII.

OF THE KINGDOM OF COILUM.