market gardens of the neighbourhood are famous, and
there is a considerable shipping trade by the river and the Ludwigskanal.

Bamberg, first mentioned in 902, grew up by the castle (Babenberch) which
gave its name to the Babenberg family (_q.v._). On their extinction it
passed to the Saxon house, and in 1007 the emperor Henry II. founded the
see. From the middle of the 13th century onward the bishops were princes of
the Empire. The see was secularized in 1802 and in 1803 assigned to
Bavaria.

A brief history of the bishopric is given in the _Catholic Encyclopaedia_
(London and New York, 1909), with bibliography. For general and special
works on the town see Ulysse Chevalier, _Topobibliographie_ (Montbeliard,
1894-1899), s.v.

BAMBERGER, LUDWIG (1823-1899), German economist and politician, was born of
Jewish parents on the 22nd of July 1823 at Mainz. After studying at
Giessen, Heidelberg and Goettingen, he entered on the practice of the law.
When the revolution of 1848 broke out he took an active part as one of the
leaders of the republican party in his native city, both as popular orator
and as editor of one of the local papers. In 1849 he took part in the
republican rising in the Palatinate and Baden; on the restoration of order
he was condemned to death, but he had escaped to Switzerland. The next
years he spent in exile, at first in London, then in Holland; in 1852 he
went to Paris, where, by means of private connexions, he received an
appointment in the bank of Bischoffheim & Goldschmidt, of which he became
managing director, a post which he held till 1866. During these years he
saved a competence and gained a thorough acquaintance with the theory and
practice of finance. This he put to account when the amnesty of 1866
enabled him to return to Germany. He was elected a member of the Reichstag,
where he joined the National Liberal party, for like many other exiles he
was willing to accept the results of Bismarck's work. In 1868 he published
a short life of Bismarck in French, with the object of producing a better
understanding of German affairs, and in 1870, owing to his intimate
acquaintance with France and with finance, he was summoned by Bismarck to
Versailles to help in the discussion of terms of peace. In the German
Reichstag he was the leading authority on matters of finance and economics,
as well as a clear and persuasive speaker, and it was chiefly owing to him
that a gold currency was adopted and that the