under, lightning and rain are manifestations of an
Evil Power, and that the dead are reincarnated in the red bush-pig. They
have no tribal government, accepting as temporary lawgiver some adept
hunter. Marriage is by purchase; polygamy seems to exist, but the domestic
affections are strong. The dead are buried in dug graves, and food, tobacco
and weapons are often placed with the corpse. The Bambute are very musical,
though they are uninventive as regards instruments. They have many songs
which they sing well and they dance with spirit.

See A. de Quatrefages, _The Pygmies_ (Eng. edit. 1895); Sir H. H. Johnston,
_Uganda Protectorate_ (1902).

BAMFORD, SAMUEL (1788-1872), English labour politician, was born at Miston,
near Middleton, Lancashire, on the 28th of February 1788. Himself a
stalwart weaver, he was opposed to physical force movements and did all he
could to restrain the violent resistance to trade oppression which was so
common; yet through attending and speaking at the meeting (1819) at
Peterloo, Manchester (_q.v._), which was intended to be a peaceful
gathering to petition for Parliamentary reform and a repeal of the Corn Law
but ended in a massacre, he was arrested for a breach of the law, convicted
and sentenced to twelve months' imprisonment. He was the author of several
widely popular poems (principally in the Lancashire dialect) showing
sympathy with the conditions of his class, and his _Passages in the Life of
a Radical_ (1840-1844) is an authoritative history of the condition of the
working classes in the years succeeding the battle of Waterloo. He died at
Harpurhey on the 13th of April 1872, and was accorded a public funeral,
attended by thousands.

BAMIAN, a once renowned city of Afghanistan, situated about 80 m. N.W. of
Kabul. Its remains lie in a valley of the Hazara country, on the chief road
from Kabul towards Turkestan, and immediately at the northern foot of that
prolongation of the Indian Caucasus now called Koh-i-Baba. The passes on
the Kabul side are not less than 11,000 and 12,000 ft. in absolute height,
and those immediately to the north but little inferior. The height of the
valley was fixed at about 8500 ft., and the surrounding country carefully
surveyed by Major Pelham J. Maitland and the Hon. M. G. Talbot, during the
progress of the Russo-Afghan Boundary Commission in November 1885. The
river draining the valley is one of the chief sources of the Sarkhab
(Surkhab) or Aksarai, an impo