ond what the present state of those regions would suggest, is
attested by vast and magnificent remains of Architecture, nearly all
dating, so far as dates can be ascertained, from the 12th to the 14th
centuries (that epoch during which an architectural afflatus seems to have
descended on the human race), and which are found at intervals over both
the Indo-Chinese continent and the Islands, as at Pagan in Burma, at
Ayuthia in Siam, at Angkor in Kamboja, at Borobodor and Brambanan in Java.
All these remains are deeply marked by Hindu influence, and, at the same
time, by strong peculiarities, both generic and individual.

[Illustration: Autograph of Hayton, King of Armenia, circa A.D. 1243.

"... e por so qui cestes lettres soient fermes e establis ci avuns escrit
l'escrit de notre main vermoil e sayele de notre ceau pendant...."]

[1] See Heyd, _Le Colonie Commerciali degli Italiani_, etc., passim.

[2] We endeavour to preserve throughout the book the distinction that was
made in the age of the Mongol Empire between _Khan_ and _Kaan_
([Arabic] and [Arabic] as written by Arabic and Persian authors). The
former may be rendered _Lord_, and was applied generally to Tartar
chiefs whether sovereign or not; it has since become in Persia, and
especially in Afghanistan, a sort of "Esq.," and in India is now a
common affix in the names of (Musulman) Hindustanis of all classes;
in Turkey alone it has been reserved for the Sultan. _Kaan_, again,
appears to be a form of _Khakan_, the [Greek: Chaganos] of the
Byzantine historians, and was the peculiar title of the supreme
sovereign of the Mongols; the Mongol princes of Persia, Chaghatai,
etc., were entitled only to the former affix (Khan), though _Kaan_ and
_Khakan_ are sometimes applied to them in adulation. Polo always
writes _Kaan_ as applied to the Great Khan, and does not, I think, use
_Khan_ in any form, styling the subordinate princes by their name
only, as _Argon, Alau_, etc. _Ilkhan_ was a special title assumed by
Hulaku and his successors in Persia; it is said to be compounded from
a word _Il_, signifying tribe or nation. The relation between _Khan_
and _Khakan_ seems to be probably that the latter signifies "_Khan of
Khans_" Lord of Lords. Chinghiz, it is said, did not take the higher
title; it was first assumed by his son Okkodai. But there are doubts
about this. (See _Quatremere's Rashid