ect
training in the power of forming correct judgments. They have produced,
however, many great men.

=Summary.=--Summarizing the educational work of the Jesuits, the
following would appear to us to be just:--

1. Their educational system was by far the most efficient and successful
of any during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries.

2. This, however, applies only to higher education, as primary education
was not undertaken by them.

3. They made their schools interesting, and learning pleasant. Their
work was thorough, their consecration complete, their success as
teachers marvelous, they being the greatest schoolmasters of their time.

4. They produced a course of study, the _Ratio Studiorum_, which lays
principal stress upon the humanities and religious instruction.

5. They taught the necessity of trained teachers, and developed a
remarkable power and tact in the work of instruction and school
management.

6. They made use of emulation as a means of stimulating ambition,--a
principle that tends to arouse the baser motives, and which is therefore
to be used guardedly.

7. They were indefatigable in missionary enterprise, and zealous in the
propagation of their principles, both religious and educational.

8. They stimulated authorship, advanced learning, and produced many
great men.

9. They exerted a powerful influence upon the intellectual, social, and
political movements of their time.

THE PORT ROYALISTS

Opposed to the Jesuits was another body of Catholics, sometimes called
Jansenists from the organizer of the movement, and sometimes Port
Royalists, because their chief school was at Port Royal near Paris.
Their purpose was to check the progress of the Jesuits, to promote
greater spirituality in the Church, and to revive the pure Catholicism
of St. Augustine. Among their great leaders may be mentioned Pascal,
Nicole, and Launcelot. The purpose of the Jansenists was very different
from that of the Jesuits, and their methods were more modern. They gave
preference to modern languages, while the Jesuits gave chief attention
to the classic tongues. Their discipline, like that of the Jesuits, was
humane, but firm.

Their greatest contribution to education is the _phonic method_ of
spelling. They also laid stress upon the use of objects, the development
of the sense perceptions, especially in early childhood. One of their
axioms was, "The intelligence of childhood always being very dep