s to be employed as schoolmasters. But little
progress could be made under these adverse circumstances; and the only
reason for encouragement was the fact that the duty of parents to keep
their children at school was everywhere recognized.

=The Innovators.=--We must here mention also the Innovators or
Reformers, whose period of educational activity falls chiefly within the
seventeenth century. Among these appear the names of Francis Bacon,
Ratke, Milton, Comenius, Rollin, Fenelon, and Locke. These men started
movements which revolutionized education and laid the foundation of
modern methods. The demands of the Reformers are summed up by Quick as
follows: "First, that the study of _things_ should precede, or be united
with, the study of _words_; second, that knowledge should be
communicated, where possible, by appeal to the senses; third, that all
linguistic study should begin with that of the mother tongue; fourth,
that Latin and Greek should be taught to such boys only as would be
likely to complete a learned education; fifth, that physical education
should be attended to in all classes of society for the sake of health,
not simply with a view to gentlemanly accomplishments; sixth, that a new
method of teaching should be adopted, framed 'According to nature.'"[85]
In another chapter we shall study the life and work of some of these
men.

FOOTNOTES:

[84] "History of Germany," p. 409.

[85] Quick, "Educational Reformers," p. 50.

CHAPTER XXXIII

EDUCATORS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

=Literature.=--_Church_, Bacon; _Macaulay_, Essays; _Spofford_, Library
of Historical Characters; _Lord_, Beacon Lights; _Montagu_, Life of
Bacon; _Barnard_, English Pedagogy; _Quick_, Educational Reformers;
_Williams_, History of Modern Education; _Laurie_, Life and Works of
Comenius; _Comenius_, Orbis Pictus; _Barnard_, Journal of Education;
_Milton_, Tractate on Education; _Pattison_, Milton; _Fowler_, Locke;
_Leitch_, Practical Educationists; _Gill_, Systems of Education;
_Schwegler_, History of Philosophy; _Courtney_, John Locke; _Vogel_,
Geschichte der Paedagogik; _Compayre_, History of Pedagogy; _Fenelon_,
Education of Girls; _Azarias_, Philosophy of Literature; _Monroe_,
Comenius.

BACON[86] (1561-1626)

But little is known of the early years of Francis Bacon, but it is
probable that he was well trained, as his father was a man of good
education, and the boy was able to enter Cambridge when only a little
over tw