he
snow on the ice was changed to water, in which we went wading to the
knees. The Lapps in general await these warm westerly winds before
they go to the fells in spring. Until these winds begin there is no
pasture there for their reindeer herds." ]

[Footnote 262: I do not include _La Recherche's_ wintering in 1838-39
at Bosekop, in the northernmost part of Norway, as it took place in
a region which is all the year round inhabited by hundreds of
Europeans. During this expedition very splendid auroras were seen,
and the studies of them by LOITIN, BRAVAIS, LILLIEHOeOeK, and
SILJESTROeOeM, are among the most important contributions to a
knowledge of the aurora we possess, while we have to thank the
draughtsmen of the expedition for exceedingly faithful and masterly
representations of the phenomenon. ]

[Footnote 263: The common eider (_S. mollissima_, L.) is absent
here, or at least exceedingly rare. ]

[Footnote 264: During the expedition of 1861, when we were shut up by
ice in Treurenberg Bay on Spitzbergen (79 deg. 57' N.L.) the
first flower (_Saxifraga oppositifolia_, L.), was pulled on the 22nd
June. After the wintering in 1872-73, Palander and I during our
journey round North-east Land, saw the first flower on the same
species of saxifrage as early as the 15th June, in the bottom of
Wahlenberg Bay (79 deg. 46' N.L.) ]

[Footnote 265: For the sake of completeness, I shall here also
enumerate the plants which Dr. Kjellman found at Pitlekaj. Those
marked with an * either themselves occur in Scandinavia or are
represented by nearly allied forms.

Leucanthemum arcticum (L.) DC.
Artemisia arctica LESS.
* ,, vulgaris L. f. Tilesii LEDEB.
Cineraria frigida RICHARDS.
* ,, palustris L. f. congesta HOOK.
* Antennaria alpina (L.) R. BR. f. Friesiana TRAUTV.
* Petasites frigida.
* Saussurea alpina (L.) DC. f. angustifolia (DC.)
* Taraxacum officinale WEB.
Valeriana capitata PALL.
Gentiana glauca PALL.
Pedicularis sudetica WILLD.
,, Langsdorffii FISCH.
,, lanata WILLD. f. leiantha TRAUTV.
,, capitata ADAMS.
* Polemonium coeruleum L.
* Diapensia lapponica L.
* Armeria sibirica TURCZ.
Primula nivalis PALL. f. pygmaea LEDEB.
,, borealis DUBY.
* Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) DESV.
* Ledum palustre L. f. decumbens AIT.
* Vaccinium vitis idaea L.
* Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) SPRENG.
* Cassiope tetragona (L.) DON.
Hedysarum o