s a dead and frozen zone; the
southern and northern hemispheres have each a temperate zone, with the
same changes of seasons, but not occurring at the same (but opposite)
times; the north temperate zone is the seat of the Oecumene ([Greek:
oikoumene]), or Inhabited World; the south temperate zone is also
inhabited by the Antichthones or Antipodes, but about these people we
know nothing, because between us and them there intervenes the burning
zone, which it is impossible to cross.[363]

[Footnote 360: Bunbury, _op. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 492, 527. The
name is used in different geographical senses by various
ancient writers, as is well shown in Lewis's _Astronomy of the
Ancients_, pp. 467-481.]

[Footnote 361: The Romans, at least by the first century A. D.,
knew also of the shortness of northern nights in summer.

Arma quidem ultra
Littora Invernae promovimus, et modo captas
Orcadas, ac minima contentos nocte Britannos.
Juvenal, ii. 159.

See also Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, iv. 30; Martianus Capella, vi.
595; Achilles Tatius, XXXV.]

[Footnote 362: The reader will remember Virgil's magnificent
description of a Scythian winter (_Georg._, iii. 352):--

Illic clausa tenent stabulis armenta; neque ullae
Aut herbae campo apparent, aut arbore frondes:
Sed jacet aggeribus niveis informis, et alto
Terra gelu late, septemque assurgit in ulnas;
Semper hiems, semper spirantes frigora Cauri.
Tum Sol pallentes haud unquam discutit umbras;
Nec cum invectus equis altum petit aethera, nec cum
Praecipitem Oceani rubro lavit aequore currum.
Concrescunt subitae currenti in flumine crustae;
Undaque jam tergo ferratos sustinet orbes,
Puppibus illa prius patulis, nunc hospita plaustris,
AEraque dissiliunt vulgo, vestesque rigescunt
Indutae, caeduntque securibus humida vina
Et totae solidam in glaciem vertere lacunae,
Stiriaque impexis induruit horrida barbis.
Interea toto non secius aere ningit;
Intereunt pecudes; stant circumfusa pruinis
Corpora magna boum; confertoque agmine cervi
Torpent mole nova, et summis vix cornibus exstant.