these, almost entirely; and curiously enough,
the solution of this problem has been found, within the last decade, in
the United States, where the immigrant Uniates are returning by the
thousand to the Russian Church. In order to counteract the education and
the wiles of the Jesuits, philanthropic "Brotherhoods" were formed among
the orthodox Christians of southwest Russia, and these brotherhoods
founded schools in which instruction was given in the Greek, Slavonic,
Latin, and Polish languages; and rhetoric, dialectics, poetics,
theology, and many other branches were taught. One of these schools in
Kieff was presided over by Peter Moghila (1597-1646), the famous son of
the Voevoda of Wallachia, who was brilliantly educated on the Continent,
and at one time had been in the military service of Poland. Thus he
thoroughly understood the situation when, later on (1625), he became a
monk in the Kieff Catacombs Monastery, and eventually the archimandrite
or abbot, and devoted his wealth and his life to the dissemination of
education among his fellow-believers of the Orthodox Eastern Catholic
Church. The influence of this man and of his Academy on Russia was
immense. The earliest school-books were here composed. Peter Moghila's
own "Shorter Catechism" is still referred to. The Slavonic grammar and
lexicon of Lavrenty Zizanie-Tustanovsky and Melenty Smotritzky continued
in use until supplanted by those of Lomonosoff one hundred and fifty
years later. The most important factor, next to the foundation of the
famous Academy, was, that towards the middle of the seventeenth century
learned Kievlyanins, like Simeon Polotzky, attained to the highest
ecclesiastical rank in the country, and imported the new ideas in
education, which had been evolved in Kieff, to Moscow, where they
prepared the first stable foundations for the future sweeping reforms of
Peter the Great.

Literature continued to bear an ecclesiastical imprint; but there were
some works of a different sort. One of the compositions which presents a
picture of life in the seventeenth century--among the higher and
governing classes only, it is true--is Grigory Kotoshikin's "Concerning
Russia in the Reign of Alexei Mikhailovitch." Kotoshikin was well
qualified to deal with the subject, having been secretary in the foreign
office, and attached to the service of Voevoda (field marshal), Prince
Dolgoruky, in 1666-1667. Among other things, he points out that the
"women of the king