and (the) farmer are on (the) island_

5. Iulia aquam portat
_Julia water carries_

6. Rosam in comis habet
_(A) rose in (her) hair (she) has_

7. Iulia est puella pulchra
_Julia is (a) girl pretty_

8. Domina filiam pulchram habet
_(The) lady (a) daughter beautiful has_

_a._ The sentences above show that Latin does not express some words
which are necessary in English. First of all, _Latin has no article
/the\ or /a\_; thus _agricola_ may mean _the farmer, a farmer_,
or simply _farmer_. Then, too, the personal pronouns, _I, you, he,
she_, etc., and the possessive pronouns, _my, your, his, her_, etc.,
are not expressed if the meaning of the sentence is clear without
them.

LESSON II

FIRST PRINCIPLES (_Continued_)

_23._ Inflection. Words may change their forms to indicate some change
in sense or use, as, _is, are_; _was, were; who, whose, whom; farmer,
farmer's; woman, women_. This is called /inflection\. The inflection of
a noun, adjective, or pronoun is called its /declension\, that of a verb
its /conjugation\.

_24._ Number. Latin, like English, has two numbers, singular and
plural. In English we usually form the plural by adding _-s_ or _-es_ to
the singular. So Latin changes the singular to the plural by changing
the ending of the word. Compare

Naut-a pugnat
_The sailor fights_
Naut-ae pugnant
_The sailors fight_

_25._ RULE. _Nouns that end in -a in the singular end in -ae in the
plural_.

_26._ Learn the following nouns so that you can give the English for the
Latin or the Latin for the English. Write the plural of each.

agri'cola, _farmer_ (agriculture)[1]
aqua, _water_ (aquarium)
causa, _cause, reason_
do'mina, _lady of the house, mistress_ (dominate)
filia, _daughter_ (filial)
fortu'na, _fortune_
fuga, _flight_ (fugitive)
iniu'ria, _wrong, injury_
luna, _moon_ (lunar)
nauta, _sailor_ (nautical)
puel'la, _girl_
silva, forest (silvan)
terra, _land_ (terrace)

[Footnote 1: The words in parentheses are English words related to
the Latin. When the words are practically identical, as /causa\,
_cause_, no comparison is needed.]

_27._ Compare again the sentences

Nauta pugna-t
_The sailor fights_
Nautae pugna-nt
_The sailors fight_

In the first sentence the verb /pugna-t\ is in the third person
singular, in the second sentence /pugna-nt\ is in the third pers