XXXI

PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT OF _SUM_

[Special Vocabulary]

NOUNS
aurum, -i:, n., _gold_ (oriole)
/mora, -ae\, f., _delay_
/na:vigium, na:vi'gi:\, n., _boat, ship_
/ventus, -i:\, m., _wind_ (ventilate)

VERB
/na:vigo:, -a:re\, _sail_ (navigate)

ADJECTIVES
attentus, -a, -um, _attentive, careful_
/dubius, -a, -um\, _doubtful_ (dubious)
perfidus, -a, -um, _faithless, treacherous_ (perfidy)

ADVERB
/antea:\, _before, previously_

PREPOSITION
/sine\, with abl., _without_

_183._ Principal Parts. There are certain parts of the verb that are
of so much consequence in tense formation that we call them the
_principal parts._

The principal parts of the Latin verb are the present, the past, and the
past participle; as _go, went, gone_; _see, saw, seen_, etc.

The principal parts of the Latin verb are the _first person singular of
the present indicative_, the _present infinitive_, the _first person
singular of the perfect indicative_, and _the perfect passive
participle._

_184._ Conjugation Stems. From the principal parts we get three
conjugation stems, from which are formed the entire conjugation. We
have already learned about the /present stem\, which is found from the
present infinitive (cf. Sec. 126.a). The other two stems are the
/perfect stem\ and the /participial stem\.

_185._ The Perfect Stem. The perfect stem of the verb is formed in
various ways, but may always be _found by dropping -i: from the first
person singular of the perfect_, the third of the principal parts. From
the perfect stem are formed the following tenses:

THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE
THE PLUPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE (ENGLISH PAST PERFECT)
THE FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE

All these tenses express completed action in present, past, or future
time respectively.

_186._ The Endings of the Perfect. The perfect active indicative is
inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem.
These endings are different from those found in any other tense, and are
as follows:

SINGULAR PLURAL
1. -i:, _I_ 1. -imus, _we_
2. -isti:, _you_ 2. -istis, _you_
3. -it, _he, she, it_ 3. -e:runt or -e:re, _they_

_187._ Inflection of /sum\ in the perfect, pluperfect, and future
perfect indicative:

PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC.
PRIN. PARTS sum esse fui:

P