rmany (shown in tabular form
on p. 169) contained as many as 100,000 spindles in 1901.

+------------------+-------------+---------------+-------------+
| | Spindles in | | Spindles in |
| | Thousands. | | Thousands. |
+------------------+-------------+---------------+-------------+
| Mulhausen | 471 | Chemnitz | 195 |
| Augsburg | 373 | Gebweiler | 187 |
| Gronau | 274 | Leipzig | 182 |
| Werdau | 249 | Crimmitzschau | 168 |
| Rheydt | 248 | Logelbach | 141 |
| Munchen-Gladbach | 216 | Bocholt | 128 |
| Rheine | 198 | Bamberg | 125 |
| Hof | 196 | Bayreuth | 100 |
+------------------+-------------+---------------+-------------+

The history of the hand industry in Germany runs back some centuries.
At the time when it flourished in the Netherlands we may be sure that
it was prosecuted to some extent farther north and east. The start
with the machine industry was not long delayed after its economies
had been learnt in England. It was fostered by protection against the
cheap products of Lancashire, and in the course of time stimulated by
every step taken towards the economic unity of the German States which
broke down local barriers and therefore enlarged the German market.
Duties upon cotton goods, however, were not immoderately high until
the measure of 1879, the policy of which was carried to a further
stage in 1885. Slight reactions were brought about in 1888 and 1891,
largely by the complaints, not only of the consumers of finished
goods, but also of manufacturers whose costs of production were kept
up by the high prices of home-spun yarns and the tax on imported
substitutes. According to the investigations made by the Board of
Trade, the general ad valorem impact of German duties on British goods
stood somewhat as follows in 1902:--

_Statement showing the Average Incidence_ (ad valorem) _of the Import
Duties levied by Germany on British Cotton Goods._

+-------------------------+-----------------+--------------+--------------+
| |Average Value of | | Approximate |
|