-Recent industrial growth in Italy is remarkable: statistics
of spindles since 1870 are as follows, but the percentage of error is
probably high:--

1870 500,000
1888 900,000
1898 2,100,000
1909 4,000,000

The distribution of spindles is roughly as follows:--

Lombardy 1,850,000
Piedmont 1,000,000
Venetia 550,000
Campania 250,000
Liguria 250,000
Tuscany 100,000

The distribution of spindles and power-looms in the chief
manufacturing towns in Italy is shown in the following table:--

+-------------+--------------++-------------+--------------+
| | Spindles. || | Spindles. |
| Turin | 470,000 || Genoa | 210,000 |
| Bergamo | 450,000 || Salerno | 150,000 |
| Como | 250,000 || Brescia | 310,000 |
| Milan | 660,000 || Naples | 100,000 |
| Novara | 410,000 || Udine | 240,000 |
+-------------+--------------++-------------+--------------+
| | Power-Looms. || | Power-Looms. |
| Milan | 40,000 || Pisa | 2,500 |
| Turin | 22,000 || Como | 6,000 |
| Novara | 13,000 || Bergamo | 13,000 |
| Genoa | 6,000 || Udine | 3,500 |
+-------------+--------------++-------------+--------------+

The district between Milan and Lago Maggiore contains numerous
villages devoted to the cotton industry. Many of the factories in the
province of Bergamo are situated in the Valle Seriana, which is
endowed with abundant water-power. In this district coarse and medium
yarns and grey cloth are the chief products. In the province of Milan
there are several small towns, notably Gallarate, Busto Arsizio and
Monza, in which the manufacture of coloured and fancy goods is
extensively carried on. The finest spinning in Italy is done in Turin.
The coarsest spinning is done in Venetia.

_The Netherlands._--In 1805 the cotton industry was reintroduced into
the Netherlands from England in its factory form. Seventeen mules
bearing 16,000 spindles are said to have been smuggled across the
channel, while forty Englishmen were enticed over to work them, in
spite of En