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With amazing adaptability the Japanese have assumed the methods of
Western civilization as a whole. But hand-weaving more than holds its
own, and power-weaving has as yet met with little success. The custom
already mentioned as a cause of the continued triumph of the hand-loom
in India and China is strong also in Japan, and the economy of the
factory system is greater relatively in spinning than in
manufacturing. In Japan it is ring-spinning which prevails: 95% of the
spindles are on ring-frames. Ring-spinning entails less skill on the
part of the operative, and ring-yarn is quite satisfactory for the
sort of fabrics used most largely in the Far East. The counts produced
are low as a rule. Generally mills run day and night with double
shifts, and the system seems to pay, though night-work is found to be
less economical than day-work there as elsewhere. More operatives are
placed on a given quantity of machinery in Japan than in
Lancashire--possibly more "labour" as well as more operatives, because
labour as well as operatives may be cheaper. On the same work the
output per spindle per hour is less in Japan than in England, even
when day-shifts only are taken into account. Japanese work has been
severely criticized, but the recency of the introduction of the cotton
industry must not be forgotten.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--The literature relating to the cotton industry is
enormous. The most complete bibliographies will be found in Chapman's
_Lancashire Cotton Industry_ (where short descriptions of the several
works included, which relate only to the United Kingdom, are given);
Hammond's _Cotton Culture and Trade_; and Oppel's _Die Baumwolle_. The
list of books set forth here must be select only.

The development of the English industry can be traced through the
following:--Aikin, _A Description of the Country from Thirty to Forty
Miles round Manchester_ (1795); Andrew, _Fifty Years' Cotton Trade_
(1887); Baines, _History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain_
(1835); Banks, _A Short Sketch of the Cotton Trade of Preston for the
last Sixty-Seven Years_ (1888); Butterworth, _Historical Sketches of
Oldham_ (1847 or 1848); Butterworth, _An Historical Account of the
Towns of Ashton-under-Lyne, Stalybridge and Dukinfield_ (1842);
Chapman, _The