by them for the purpose of making
purchases and effecting sales. Even if the Americans did possess a
convenient commercial centre, the high cost of transport between works
distributed over a very wide area would prevent much specialism of
businesses by processes from appearing. Writing capital letters for
industrial processes and small letters and Greek letters for commercial
functions, the possible arrangements in the cotton industry may be
represented broadly as follows, brackets indicating the scope of
businesses:[60]

I. (a, A, B, C, d).
II. (a)(A, B, C)(d).
III. (aA[alpha])(bB[beta])(cC[gamma]).
IV. (a)(A)([alpha], b)(B)([beta], c)(C)([gamma]).

The American industry approximates to the first type, while the English
approximates rather to the last. Differences in respect of specialism by
range of product are not shown in the formulae.

_Other Parts of America._--Little need be said of the cotton industry
in other parts of the New World. In Canada in 1909 there were,
approximately, 855,000 Spindles, and in Mexico in 1906, where the
first factory was established in 1834, 450,000 Spindles. In Brazil
also there is an appreciable number of spindles, distributed (in 1895)
among 134 factories, which are located chiefly in Rio de Janeiro and
Minas Geraes, and are run for the most part by turbines and
water-wheels.

_Germany._--In Germany the cotton industry is by no means so intensely
localized as in England, but three large districts may be
distinguished:--

1. The north-west district, which consists of the Rhine Province and
Westphalia and contained 1-3/4 million spindles in 1901.

2. The country north of the mountain ranges of northern Bohemia
comprises the middle district, which contained 2-1/2 million spindles
in 1901. In Saxony the industry has been carried on for four
centuries.

3. Alsace, Baden, Wurttemberg and Bavarian Swabia make up the
south-west district, to which some 3-1/2 million spindles were
assigned. It is in close proximity to the cotton districts of east
France, Switzerland and Vorarlberg.

According to Oppel (1902) the German spinning industry is chiefly
localized in--

Prussia with 2020 thousand spindles
Saxony " 1870 " "
Alsace " 1600 " "
Bavaria " 1390 " "

The spindles of Wurttemberg, which stands next, do not much exceed
half a million. Only sixteen places in Ge