the
parliamentary fleet to Man in October 1651. The countess of Derby was
compelled to surrender her two fortresses, Castle Rushen and Peel
castle, while Christian remained receiver-general, becoming governor of
the island in 1656. Two years later, however, he was accused of
misappropriating some money; he fled to England, and in 1660 was
arrested in London. Having undergone a year's imprisonment he returned
to Man, hoping that his offence against the earl of Derby would be
condoned under the Act of Indemnity of 1661; but, anxious to punish his
conduct, Charles, the new earl of Derby, ordered his seizure; he refused
to plead, and a packed House of Keys declared that in this case his life
and property were at the mercy of the lord of the island. The deemsters
then passed sentence, and in accordance therewith Christian was executed
by shooting on the 2nd of January 1663. This arbitrary act angered
Charles II. and his advisers; the deemsters and others were punished,
and some reparation was made to Christian's family. Christian is chiefly
celebrated through the Manx ballad _Baase Illiam Dhone_, which has been
translated into English by George Borrow, and through the references to
him in Sir Walter Scott's _Peveril of the Peak_.

See A.W. Moore, _History of the Isle of Man_ (1900).

CHRISTIAN OF BRUNSWICK (1590-1626), bishop of Halberstadt and a general
during the earlier part of the Thirty Years' War, a younger son of Henry
Julius, duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuettel, was born at Groeningen on the
20th of September 1599. Having succeeded his father as "bishop" of
Halberstadt in 1616, he obtained some experience of warfare under
Maurice, prince of Orange, in the Netherlands. Raising an army he
entered the service of Frederick V., elector palatine of the Rhine, just
after that prince had been driven from Bohemia; glorying in his
chivalrous devotion to Frederick's wife Elizabeth, he attacked the lands
of the elector of Mainz and the bishoprics of Westphalia. After some
successes he was defeated by Tilly at Hoechst in June 1622; then,
dismissed from Frederick's service, he entered that of the United
Provinces, losing an arm at the battle of Fleurus, a victory he did much
to win. In 1623 he gathered an army and broke into lower Saxony, but was
beaten by Tilly at Stadtlohn and driven back to the Netherlands. When in
1625 Christian IV., king of Denmark, entered the arena of the war, he
took the field again in the Protestant