4); William Ralph
Inge, _Christian Mysticism_ (Bampton Lectures, 1894); Wilhelm
Herrmann, _The Communion of the Christian with God_ (1895); George
William Knox, _Direct and Fundamental Proofs of the Christian
Religion_ (1903); Albrecht Ritschl, _Die christliche Lehre von der
Rechtfertigung und Versoehnung_ (1900).

_Modern Definitions of Christianity._--Alfred Loisy, _The Gospel and
the Church_ (1904); Adolf Harnack, _What is Christianity?_ (1901);
William Adams Brown, _The Essence of Christianity_ (1902); Ernest
Troeltsch, _Das Wesen des Christentums_; J. Kaftan, _Das Wesen der
christlichen Religion_ (2nd ed., 1888); J. Caird, _The Fundamental
Ideas of Christianity_ (1899). (G. W. KN.)

CHRISTIANSAND (KRISTIANSAND), a fortified seaport of Norway, the chief
town of a diocese (_stift_), on a fjord of the Skagerrack, 175 m. S.W.
of Christiania by sea. Pop. (1900) 14,701. It stands on a square
peninsula flanked by the western and eastern harbours and by the Otter
river. The situation, with its wooded hills and neighbouring islands, is
no less beautiful than that of other south-coast towns, but the
substitution of brick for wood as building material after a fire in 1892
made against the picturesqueness of the town. There is a fine cathedral,
rebuilt in Gothic style after a fire in 1880. Christiansand is an
important fishing centre (salmon, mackerel, lobsters), and sawmills,
wood-pulp factories, shipbuilding yards and mechanical workshops are the
principal industrial works. The port is the largest on the south coast,
and all the coast steamers, and those serving Christiania from London,
Hull, Grangemouth, Hamburg, &c., touch here. The Saetersdal railway
follows that valley north to Byglandsfiord (48 m.), whence a good road
continues to Viken i Valle at the head of the valley. Flekkeroe, a
neighbouring island, is a favourite pleasure resort. The town was
founded in 1641 by Christian IV., after whom it was named.

CHRISTIAN SCIENCE, a system of theosophic and therapeutic doctrine,
which was originated in America about 1866 by Mrs Mary Baker Glover
Eddy, and has in recent years obtained a number of adherents both in the
United States and in European countries. Mrs. Eddy (1821-1910; _nee_
Baker) was born near Concord, New Hampshire; in 1843 she married Colonel
G.W. Glover (d. 1844), in 1853 she married Daniel Patterson (divorced
1873), and in 1877 Dr Asa Gilbert Eddy (d. 1883). About the ye