former prisoners no longer under correctional
supervision+

At yearend 2001 former prisoners included 731,147 persons on parole, an
estimated 437,000 persons on probation who had either served part of
their current sentence in prison or been confined in prison on a
previous sentence, and an estimated 166,000 jail inmates who had served
a previous sentence in prison. An estimated 3 million former prisoners
were no longer under correctional supervision as of yearend 2001.

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Former State and Federal prisoners, 2001

Number Percent

Total 4,299,000 100.0%

Under supervision 1,334,000 31.0
Parole 731,000 17.0
Probation 437,000 10.2
Jail 166,000 3.9

Not under supervision 2,965,000 69.0

Note: Estimates rounded to nearest 1,000.

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+Demographic techniques used to create prevalence estimates+

Estimates of the prevalence of ever having gone to prison were derived
from generation life table techniques. The prevalence of ever having
gone to prison includes adults currently in prison and living former
prisoners.

One-day counts of the number of adults in prison are available through
the National Prisoner Statistics program (NPS). Collected annually
since 1926, the NPS provides a count at yearend of persons held in
Federal and State prisons.

To obtain the number of persons who had ever gone to prison, separate
generation life tables were prepared for persons alive between 1974 and
2001. These tables model the first incarceration and mortality
experience of each birth cohort as it proceeded through life. Estimates
were made of the number of persons going to prison for the first time,
by year of age, and the number who had been incarcerated and survived
to each later age.

Rates of first incarceration during a 12-month period were developed
from prison inmate surveys conducted in 1974, 1979, 1986, 1991, and
1997, a period during which admission rates increased after many years
of relative stability.

Prevalence estimates for selected calendar years represent a sum of the
contribution of each birth cohort to