, and
differing still more from that of the Teutonic invaders.

FOOTNOTES:

[26] "De Moribus Germanorum," b. ii. chap. xlv.

[27] "Agricola," xxi.

[28] "Vita omnis in venationibus atque in studiis rei militaris
constitit; ab parvulis labori ac duritiei student." "De Bello Gallico,"
book vi.

[29] "Saxones, sicut omnes fere Germaniam incolentes nationes, et natura
feroces et cultui daemonum dediti." Eginhard, "Vita Karoli," vii.

[30] The arms of the Franks and those of the Anglo-Saxons, the former
preserved in the Museum of St. Germain, and the latter in the British
Museum, are similar, and differ widely from those of the Celts. The
shields, a part of the equipment, which among all nations are found
highly ornamented, were equally plain with the Franks and Angles; the
_umbo_ or boss in the centre was, in those of both nations, of iron, and
shaped like a rude dish-cover, which has often caused them to be
catalogued as helmets or military head-pieces.

[31] "Innumerabiles et ferocissimae nationes universas Gallias
occuparunt.... Quis hoc crederet?... Romam in gremio suo non pro gloria,
sed pro salute pugnare? Imo ne pugnare quidem, sed auro et cuncta
supellectile vitam redimere." Epistola cxxiii. ad Ageruchiam, in the
"Patrologia" of Migne, vol. xxii., col. 1057-8.

[32] This ship was discovered in 1863 in a peat bog of Schleswig; that
is in the very country of the Angles; judging by the coins found at the
same time, it must belong to the third century. It measures 22 metres 67
centimetres in length, 3 metres, 33 centim. in breadth, and 1 metre 19
centim. in height. Specimens of Scandinavian ships have also been
discovered. When a chief died his ship was buried with him, as his
chariot or horse was in other countries. A description of a Scandinavian
funeral (the chief placed on his boat, with his arms, and burnt,
together with a woman and some animals killed for the occasion) has been
handed down to us in the narrative of the Arab Ahmed Ibn Fozlan, sent by
the caliph Al Moktader, in the tenth century, as ambassador to a
Scandinavian king established on the banks of the Volga (_Journal
Asiatique_, 1825, vol. vi. pp. 16 ff.). In some cases there was an
interment but no incineration, and thus it is that Norse ships have been
found. Two of these precious relics are preserved in the museum of
Christiania. One of them, discovered in 1880, constructed out of oaken
planks held together by iron nails, still retained sev