stem, usually known as the
S[=a]nkhya.]

[Footnote 59: And attributed to Pata[=n.]jali. Compare
Deussen, _System des Ved[=a]nta,_ p. 20.]

[Footnote 60: Born In 788. But some scholars refer him to
the seventh century. See IA. xiii. 95; xvi. 41. His name, a
title of Civa, indicates his nominal sect.]

[Footnote 61: For the meaning of Ved[=a]nta (whether 'end of
Veda,' or 'goal of Veda') compare Deussen, _loc. cit._ p. 3,
note (above, p. 253, note).]

[Footnote 62: The Supreme Spirit or All-Spirit is either
purely non-dualistic or qualifiedly non-dualistic; in the
latter event he is, says the sectary, identical with Vishnu,
who may be represented either by Krishna or R[=a]ma
(sub-sects). Pure non-duality (unconditioned _[=a]tm[=a]_)
was taught by Cankara.]

[Footnote 63: Gough, _Philosophy of the Upanishads_..
Compare Williams, _loc. cit_. In our own view the
unsystematic Upanishads teach both doctrines (above, p. 228,
note).]

[Footnote 64: Before K[=a]m[=a]nuja it was taught by
C[=a]ndilya that _brahma_ (and the individual spirit) was
conditioned, a doctrine supposed to be that of the old
Bh[=a]gavatas or P[=a][.n]car[=a]tras; but this is quite
uncertain. The C[=a]ndilyan chapter of the Ch[=a]ndogya
Upanishad (above, p. 221) may be thus interpreted, _vis_,
that the (conditioned) individual spirit is identical with
_brahma_.]

[Footnote 65: Thibaut, _Introduction to the Ved[=a]nta
S[=u]tras_, SBE. XXXIV. p. XXXI; Deussen, _System des
Ved[=a]nta_, p.469.]

[Footnote 66: Philosophical illusion, _m[=a]n[=a]_, appears
first in late Upanishads.]

[Footnote 67: The author of the Dabist[=a]n (seventeenth
century) tells a Berkeleyan story in regard to Cankara's
doctrine of illusion. His enemies wished to test his belief
in his own philosophy; so they drove an elephant at him, on
which the philosopher ran away. "Ho!" they jeered, "Did you
not maintain that all was a mere illusion? Then an elephant
is illusion. Yet you take to flight before it." "Yes,"
replied the philosopher, "all is illusion; there was no
elephant, and there was no flight" (II. 4).]

[Footnote 68: The Sm[=a]rta (orthodox) Brahman believes, on
the other hand, that Vishnu, Civa, and Brahm[=a] are all
mere forms of the Supreme [=A]l