these lower objects of worship.]

[Footnote 29: The standard work on this subject is
Fergusson's _Tree and Serpent Worship_, which abounds in
interesting facts and dangerously captivating fancies.]

[Footnote 30: JRAS. 1846, p. 407. The ensign here may be
totemistic. In Hinduism the epic shows that the standards of
battle were often surmounted with signa and effigies of
various animals, as was the case, for example, in ancient
Germany. We have collected the material on this point in a
paper in JAOS. XIII. 244. It appears that on top of the
flag-staff images were placed. One of these is the
Ape-standard; another, the Bull standard; another, the
Hoar-standard. Arjuna's sign was the Ape (with a lion's
tail); other heroes had peacocks, elephants, and fabulous
monsters like the _carabha_. The Ape is of course the god
Hanuman; the Boar, Vishnu; the Bull, Civa; so that they have
a religious bearing for the most part, and are not
totemistic. Some are purely fanciful, a bow, a swan with
bells, a lily; or, again, they are significant of the
heroe's origin (Drona's 'pot'). Trees and flowers are used
as standards just like beasts. Especially is the palm a
favorite emblem. These signa are in addition to the
battle-flags (one of which is blue, carried with an ensign
of five stars). On the plants compare Williams, _Brahmanism
and Hinduism_, p. 338.]

[Footnote 31: [=A]pastambo, 2. 2. 3. 22; Manu, III. 88.]

[Footnote 32: Vule _apud_ Williams.]

[Footnote 33: _ib_. The Rig Veda, X. 81. 4, knows also a
'tree of creation.']

[Footnote 34: _Early Law and Custom_, p. 73 ff.]

[Footnote 35: Thus it is common Aryan law that, on the birth
of a child, the mother becomes impure for ten days, either
alone or with the father. But the latter's impurity is only
nominal, and is removed by bathing (Manu, V. 62, and
others). B[=a]udh[=a]yana alone states that "according to
some" only the father becomes impure (1. 5. 11. 21). This is
the custom of a land described by Apollonius Rhodius (II.
1010}, "where, when women bear children, the men groan, go
to bed, and tie up the head; but the women care for them."
Yet B[=a]udh[=a]yana is a Southerner and a late writer. The
custom is legalized only in this writer's laws. Hence it
cannot be cited as