on mammalia of the Philippines, 387
on Philippine birds, 388
on raised coral-reefs in the Philippines, 389
Evolution necessitates continuity, 70
Excentricity and precession, diagram of, 129
Excentricity, variations of, during three million years, 171
Excentricity a test of rival theories of climate, 171
Excentricity, high, its effects on warm and cold climates, 198
Explanation of peculiarities of the fauna of Celebes, 460
{554}
Extinct animals showing changes of distribution, 102
Extinct birds of the Mascarene Islands, 436
of New Zealand, 476
Extinction caused by glacial epoch, 122

F.
Families, restricted areas of, 29
distribution and antiquity of, 68
Fauna and flora, peculiarities of British, 370
Fauna of Borneo, affinities of, 381
of Java, 382
of Java and Asia compared, 384
Faunas of Hainan, Formosa, and Japan compared, 407
Felis, 17, 26
Ferns, abundance of, in Mascarene flora, 445
Ficus, fossil Arctic, 186
Fire-weed, the, of Tasmania, 513
Fisher, Rev. O., on temperature of space, 131
Fishes, dispersal of, 76
peculiar British, 340
cause of great speciality in, 343
mode of migration of fresh-water, 344
fresh-water, of New Zealand, 484
Floating islands, and the dispersal of animals, 74
Flora of the Azores, 256
of Bermuda, 271
of the Galapagos, 287
of St. Helena, 305
of the Sandwich Islands, 321;
peculiar features of, 323
peculiarities of the British, 360
of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 439
of Madagascar and South Africa allied, 445
of New Zealand, 487
very poor, 488
its resemblance to the Australian, 489
its differences from the Australian, 490
origin of Australian element in, 498
tropical character of, explained, 500
summary and conclusion on, 506
Floras of New Zealand and Australia, summary of conclusion as to, 542
Florida and Canada, resemblances of, 5
and Bahamas, contrasts of, 5
Fogs cut off the sun's heat in glaciated countries, 145
Forbes, Mr. D., analysis of chalk, 91
Forbes, Mr. H. O., on plants of the Keeling Islands, 286
Formosa, 400
physical features of, 401
animal life of, 401
list of mammalia of, 402
list of land-birds peculiar to, 404
Forests, submerged, 335
Fowler, Rev. Canon, on peculiar British coleoptera, 346, 351
Freezing water liberates low-grade heat, 145
Fresh-wate