to prison at St
Andrews and afterwards removed to Edinburgh. The privy council ordered him
to be banished from the kingdom for refusing to acknowledge the sentence of
the High Commission. He lingered in Scotland, publishing a few tracts, till
the 27th of August 1619, when he sailed for Holland. During his residence
in Holland he published his _Altare Damascenum_. Calderwood appears to have
returned to Scotland in 1624, and he was soon afterwards appointed minister
of Pencaitland, in the county of Haddington. He continued to take an active
part in the affairs of the church, and introduced in 1649 the practice, now
confirmed by long usage, of dissenting from the decision of the Assembly,
and requiring the protest to be entered in the record. His last years were
devoted to the preparation of a _History of the Church of Scotland_. In
1648 the General Assembly urged him to complete the work he had designed,
and voted him a yearly pension of L800. He left behind him a historical
work of great extent and of great value as a storehouse of authentic
materials for history. An abridgment, which appears to have been prepared
by himself, was published after his death. An excellent edition of the
complete work was published by the Wodrow Society, 8 vols., 1842-1849. The
manuscript, which belonged to General Calderwood Durham, was presented to
the British Museum. Calderwood died at Jedburgh on the 29th of October
1650.

CALDERWOOD, HENRY (1830-1897), Scottish philosopher and divine, was born at
Peebles on the 10th of May 1830. He was educated at the Royal High school,
and later at the university of Edinburgh. He studied for the ministry of
the United Presbyterian Church, and in 1856 was ordained pastor of the
Greyfriars church, Glasgow. He also examined in mental philosophy for the
university of Glasgow from 1861 to 1864, and from 1866 conducted the moral
philosophy classes at that university, until in 1868 he became professor of
moral philosophy at Edinburgh. He was made LL.D. of Glasgow in 1865. He
died on the 19th of November 1897. His first and most famous work was _The
Philosophy of the Infinite_ (1854), in which he attacked the statement of
Sir William Hamilton that we can have no knowledge of the Infinite.
Calderwood maintained that such knowledge, though imperfect, is real and
ever-increasing; that Faith implies Knowledge. His moral philosophy is in
direct antagonism to Hegelian doctrine, and endeavours to substantiate the
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