certain that after his death the
Roman writ never again ran north of Cheviot. Rome is said, indeed, to have
recovered the whole land up to the Wall of Pius in A.D. 368 and to have
established there a province, Valentia. A province with that name was
certainly organized somewhere. But its site and extent is quite uncertain
and its duration was exceedingly brief. Throughout, Scotland remained
substantially untouched by Roman influences, and its Celtic art, though
perhaps influenced by Irish, remained free from Mediterranean infusion.
Even in the south of Scotland, where Rome ruled for half a century (A.D.
142-180), the occupation was military and produced no civilizing effects.
Of the actual condition of the land during the period of Roman rule in
Britain, we have yet to learn the details by excavation. The curious
carvings and ramparts, at Burghead on the coast of Elgin, and the
underground stone houses locally called "wheems," in which Roman fragments
have been found, may represent the native forms of dwelling, &c., and some
of the "Late Celtic" metal-work may belong to this age. But of the
political divisions, the boundaries and capitals of the tribes, and the
like, we know nothing. Ptolemy gives a list of tribe and place-names. But
hardly one can be identified with any approach to certainty, except in the
extreme south. Nor has any certainty been reached about the ethnological
problems of the population, the Aryan or non-Aryan character of the Picts
and the like. That the Caledonians, like the later Scots, sometimes sought
their fortunes in the south, is proved by a curious tablet of about A.D.
220, found at Colchester, dedicated to an unknown equivalent of Mars,
Medocius, by one "Lossio Veda, nepos [ = kin of] Vepogeni, Caledo." The
name Caledonia is said to survive in the second syllable of Dunkeld and in
the mountain name Schiehallion (Sith-chaillinn).

AUTHORITIES.--Tacitus, _Agricola_; Hist. Augusta, _Vita Severi_; Dio
lxxvi.; F. Haverfield, _The Antonine Wall Report_ (Glasgow, 1899), pp.
154-168; J. Rhys, _Celtic Britain_ (ed. 3). On Burghead, see H.W. Young,
_Proc. of Scottish Antiq._ xxv., xxvii.; J. Macdonald, _Trans. Glasgow
Arch. Society_. The Roman remains of Scotland are described in Rob.
Stuart's _Caled. Romana_ (Edinburgh, 1852), the volumes of the Scottish
Antiq. Society, the _Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum_, vol. vii., and
elsewhere.

(F. J. H.)

[1] This, not Grampius, is the proper spelling, thou