4 p.0987] being cold. The district
is rich in flowering heaths and everlasting flowers. The name Caledon was
given to the town and district in honour of the 2nd earl of Caledon,
governor of the Cape 1807-1811. (2) A river of South Africa, tributary to
the Orange (_q.v._), also named after Lord Caledon.

CALEDONIA, the Roman name of North Britain, still used especially in poetry
for Scotland. It occurs first in the poet Lucan (A.D. 64), and then often
in Roman literature. There were (1) a district Caledonia, of which the
southern border must have been on or near the isthmus between the Clyde and
the Forth, (2) a Caledonian Forest (possibly in Perthshire), and (3) a
tribe of Caledones or Calidones, named by the geographer Ptolemy as living
within boundaries which are now unascertainable. The Romans first invaded
Caledonia under Agricola (about A.D. 83). They then fortified the Forth and
Clyde Isthmus with a line of forts, two of which, those at Camelon and
Barhill, have been identified and excavated, penetrated into Perthshire,
and fought the decisive battle of the war (according to Tacitus) on the
slopes of Mons Graupius.[1] The site--quite as hotly contested among
antiquaries as between Roman and Caledonian--may have been near the Roman
encampment of Inchtuthill (in the policies of Delvine, 10 m. N. of Perth
near the union of Tay and Isla), which is the most northerly of the
ascertained Roman encampments in Scotland and seems to belong to the age of
Agricola. Tacitus represents the result as a victory. The home government,
whether averse to expensive conquests of barren hills, or afraid of a
victorious general, abruptly recalled Agricola, and his northern
conquests--all beyond the Tweed, if not all beyond Cheviot--were abandoned.
The next advance followed more than fifty years later. About A.D. 140 the
district up to the Firth of Forth was definitely annexed, and a rampart
with forts along it, the Wall of Antoninus Pius, was drawn from sea to sea
(see BRITAIN: _Roman_; and GRAHAM'S DYKE). At the same time the Roman forts
at Ardoch, north of Dunblane, Carpow near Abernethy, and perhaps one or two
more, were occupied. But the conquest was stubbornly disputed, and after
several risings, the land north of Cheviot seems to have been lost about
A.D. 180-185. About A.D. 208 the emperor Septimius Severus carried out an
extensive punitive expedition against the northern tribes, but while it is
doubtful how far he penetrated, it is