trine of divine sanction. Beside the data of experience, the mind has
pure activity of its own whereby it apprehends the fundamental realities of
life and combat. He wrote in addition _A Handbook of Moral Philosophy, On
the Relations of Mind and Brain, Science and Religion, The Evolution of
Man's Place in Nature_. Among his religious works the best-known is his
_Parables of Our Lord_, and just before his death he finished a _Life of
David Hume_ in the "Famous Scots" series. His interests were not confined
to religious and intellectual matters; as the first chairman of the
Edinburgh school board, he worked hard to bring the Education Act into
working order. He published a well-known treatise on education. In the
cause of philanthropy and temperance he was indefatigable. In politics he
was at first a Liberal, but became a Liberal Unionist at the time of the
Home Rule Bill.

A biography of Calderwood was published in 1900 by his son W.C. Calderwood
and the Rev. David Woodside, with a special chapter on his philosophy by
Professor A.S. Pringle-Pattison.

CALEB (Heb. _k[=e]leb_, "dog"), in the Bible, one of the spies sent by
Moses from Kadesh in South Palestine to spy out the land of Canaan. For his
courage and confidence he alone was rewarded by the promise that he and his
seed should obtain a possession in it (Num. xiii. seq.). The later
tradition includes Joshua, the hero of the conquest of the land.
Subsequently Caleb settled in Kirjath-Arba (Hebron), but the account of the
occupation is variously recorded. Thus (_a_) Caleb by himself drove out the
Anakites, giants of Hebron, and promised to give his daughter Achsah to the
hero who could take Kirjath-Sepher (Debir). This was accomplished by
Othniel, the brother of Caleb (Josh. xv. 14-19). Both are "sons" of Kenaz,
and Kenaz is an Edomite clan (Gen. xxxvi. 11, 15, 42). Elsewhere (_b_)
Caleb the Kenizzite reminds Joshua of the promise at Kadesh; he asks that
he may have the "mountain whereof Yahweh spake," and hopes to drive out the
giants from its midst. Joshua blesses him and thus Hebron becomes the
inheritance of Caleb (Josh. xiv. 6-15). Further (_c_) the capture of Hebron
and Debir is ascribed to Judah who gives them to Caleb (Judg. i. 10 seq.
20); and finally (_d_) these cities are taken by Joshua himself in the
course of a great and successful campaign against South Canaan (Josh. x.
36-39). Primarily the clan Caleb was settled in the south of Judah but
formed an inde