park of Calcutta, was formed; and the healthiness of its
position induced the European inhabitants gradually to shift their
dwellings eastward, and to occupy what is now the Chowringhee quarter.

Up to 1707, when Calcutta was first declared a presidency, it had been
dependent upon the older English settlement at Madras. From 1707 to 1773
the presidencies were maintained on a footing of equality; but in the
latter year the act of parliament was passed, which provided that the
presidency of Bengal should exercise a control over the other possessions
of the Company; that the chief of that presidency should be styled
governor-general; and that a supreme court of judicature should be
established at Calcutta. In the previous year, 1772, Warren Hastings had
taken under the immediate management of the Company's servants the general
administration of Bengal, which had hitherto been left in the hands of the
old Mahommedan officials, and had removed the treasury from Murshidabad to
Calcutta. The latter town thus became the capital of Bengal and the seat of
the supreme government in India. In 1834 the governor-general of Bengal was
created governor-general of India, and was permitted to appoint a
deputy-governor to manage the affairs of Lower Bengal during his occasional
absence. It was not until 1854 that a separate head was appointed for
Bengal, who, under the style of lieutenant-governor, exercises the same
powers in civil matters as those vested in the governors in council of
Madras or Bombay, although subject to closer supervision by the supreme
government. Calcutta is thus at present the seat both of the supreme and
the local government, each with an independent set of offices. (See
BENGAL.)

See A.K. Ray, _A Short History of Calcutta_ (Indian Census, 1901); H.B.
Hyde, _Parochial Annals of Bengal_ (1901); K. Blechynden, _Calcutta, Past
and Present_ (1905); H.E. Busteed, _Echoes from Old Calcutta_ (1897); G.W.
Forrest, _Cities of India_ (1903); C.R. Wilson, _Early Annals of the
English in Bengal_ (1895); and _Old Fort William in Bengal_ (1906);
_Imperial Gazetteer of India_ (Oxford, 1908), _s.v._ "Calcutta."

CALDANI, LEOPOLDO MARCO ANTONIO (1725-1813), Italian anatomist and
physician, was born at Bologna in 1725. After studying under G.B. Morgagni
at Padua, he began to teach practical medicine at Bologna, but in
consequence of the intrigues of which he was the object he returned to
Padua, where in 1771 he succeeded Morgagni