were invading Bulgaria. Further
resistance was useless. On July 31, after just one month of
fighting, an armistice was signed, and representatives from all the
belligerents met in Bucharest to negotiate terms of peace. On August
10 the Treaty of Bucharest was finally signed.

As a result of the Second Balkan War Bulgaria was left in a much
worse position than she was in after the first war. First of all she
had to give a slice of her Danubian territory to Rumania, as her
price for entering the war. Then she had to return part of Thrace,
including Adrianople, to the Turks. Serbia retained southeastern
Macedonia, and Greece kept Saloniki and its hinterland for fifty
miles inward, including Kavala, the natural economic outlet for
Bulgaria on the Aegean.

PART III--DIRECT CAUSES OF THE WAR

CHAPTER XX

ASSASSINATION OF FRANZ FERDINAND--AUSTRIA'S ULTIMATUM

It was the boast of the greater European powers, during the Balkan
Wars of 1912 and 1913, and after, that the "conflagration in the
Balkans had been localized"--i.e., that none of the western nations
would be involved in the complications growing out of the trouble in
the Balkans. The conflagration in the mountainous peninsula had been
"localized," it was true; but the smouldering fire that remained
after the Balkan Wars was to flare forth, during the summer of 1914,
to spread over Europe from the Shetland Islands to Crete in one
grand flame, and to drop sparks on the remaining four continents.
That smouldering fire was the doctrine known as Greater Serbianism,
sometimes wrongly spoken of as Pan-Serbianism.

As during the nineteenth century one after another the Balkan States
gained independence from Turkish sovereignty and the germ of what is
called Nationalism was born in them, each looked about to see in
what direction its boundaries might be extended. The appetite of
Nationalism, with these small states as with the greater countries,
demanded that under the flag of a given nation must be gathered all
the peoples of that nation; if some of them dwell in foreign lands
those lands must be conquered; if foreigners live within the borders
of the country those foreigners must be "ironed out"--the crushing
machinery of despotic government must be brought into use to force
them to adopt the language, literature, traditions, and religion of
the nation which considered them alien. And the appetite of
Nationalism demanded one thing more--that the political