ia sorbilis_, Mart., and
is known by the name of _guarana_. It is largely consumed in Bolivia
and Matto Grosso, where it is used in the preparation of a beverage
which has excellent medicinal properties. The Brazilian flora is also
rich in medicinal and aromatic plants, dye-woods, and a wide range of
gum and resin-producing shrubs and trees. The best known of these are
sarsaparilla, ipecacuanha, cinchona, jaborandi and copaiba; vanilla,
tonka beans and cloves; Brazil-wood and anatto (_Bixa orellana_);
india-rubber and balata. India-rubber is derived principally from the
_Hevea guayanensis_, sometimes called the _Siphonia elastica_, which
is found on the Amazon and its tributaries as far inland as the
foothills of the Andes. Other rubber-producing trees are the
_manicoba_ (_Jatropha Glasiovii_) of Ceara, and the _mangabeira_
(_Hancornia speciosa_), of the central upland regions.

_Population._--The first explorers of Brazil reported a numerous Indian
population, but, as the sea-coast afforded a larger and more easily
acquired food supply than did the interior, the Indian population was
probably numerous only in a comparatively small part of this immense
territory, along the sea-coast. Modern explorations have shown that the
unsettled inland regions of Brazil are populated by Indians only where
the conditions are favourable. They are to be found in wooded districts
near rivers, and are rarely found on the elevated _campos_. The
immediate result of European colonization was the enslavement and
extermination of the Indians along the coast and in all those favoured
inland localities where the whites came into contact with them. The
southern districts and the Amazon and its tributaries were often raided
by slave-hunting expeditions, and their Indian populations were either
decimated, or driven farther into the inaccessible forests. But there is
no record that the inland districts of western and north-western Brazil
were treated in this manner, and their present population may be assumed
to represent approximately what it was when the Europeans first came.
According to the census of 1890 the Indian population was 1,295,796, but
so far as the migratory tribes are concerned the figures are only
guesswork. A considerable number of these Indians have been gathered
together in _aldeas_ under the charge of government tutors, but the
larger part still live in their own villages or as nomads.

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