wants of the provinces by associating six Jesuits with the
expedition.

First Jesuit missions.

Old Caramuru, who still survived, rendered the governor essential
service by gaining for his countrymen the goodwill of the natives. The
new city, to which the name of Sao Salvador was given, was established
on the heights above the Bay of All Saints (Todos os Santos), from which
its later name of Bahia is taken. Within four months one hundred houses
were built, and surrounded by a mud wall. Sugar plantations were laid
out in the vicinity. During the four years of Sousa's government there
were sent out at different times supplies of all kinds. Female orphans
of noble families were given in marriage to the officers, and portioned
from the royal estates, and orphan boys were sent to be educated by the
Jesuits. The capital rose rapidly in importance, and the captaincies
learned to regard it as a common head and centre of wealth. Meanwhile
the Jesuits undertook the moral and religious culture of the natives,
and of the scarcely less savage colonists. Strong opposition was at
first experienced from the gross ignorance of the Indians, and the
depravity of the Portuguese, fostered by the licentious encouragement of
some abandoned priests who had found their way to Brazil. Over these
persons the Jesuits had no authority; and it was not until the arrival
of the first bishop of Brazil in 1552, that anything like an efficient
check was imposed upon them. Next year Sousa was succeeded by Duarte da
Costa, who brought with him a reinforcement of Jesuits, at the head of
whom was Luis de Gran, appointed, with Nobrega the chief of the first
mission, joint provincial of Brazil.

Nobrega's first act was one which has exercised the most beneficial
influence over the social system of Brazil, namely, the establishment of
a college on the then unreclaimed plains of Piratininga. It was named
Sao Paulo, and has been at once the source whence knowledge and
civilization have been diffused through Brazil, and the nucleus of a
colony of its manliest and hardiest citizens, which sent out successive
swarms of hardy adventurers to people the interior. The good intentions
of the Jesuits were in part frustrated by the opposition of Costa the
governor; and it was not until 1558, when Mem de Sa was sent out to
supersede him, that their projects were allowed free scope.

Settlement of Rio de Janeiro.

Rio de Janeiro was first occupied by French set