oing well with the revolt, Saraiva having invaded the states of Santa
Catharina and Parana, and defeated the government troops in several
encounters. Meanwhile, President Peixoto had fortified the approaches
to the city of Rio de Janeiro, bought vessels of war in Europe and the
United States and organized the National Guard.

Early in 1894 dissensions occurred between Saraiva and Mello, which
prevented any advance of the insurgent forces, and allowed Peixoto to
perfect his plans. Admiral da Gama, unable to leave the Bay of Rio de
Janeiro on account of lack of transport for the sick and wounded and the
civilians claiming his protection, could do no more than wait for
Admiral Mello to return from Desterro. In the meantime the ships bought
by President Peixoto arrived off Rio de Janeiro and prevented da Gama
from escaping. On the 15th of March 1894 the rebel forces evacuated
their positions on the islands of Villegaignon, Cobras and Enxadas,
abandoned their vessels, and were received on board two Portuguese
warships then in the harbour, whence they were conveyed to Montevideo.
The action of the Portuguese commander was prompted by a desire to save
life, for had the rebels fallen into the hands of Peixoto, they would
assuredly have been executed.

When the news of the surrender of Saldanha da Gama reached Gumercindo
Saraiva, then at Curitiba in Parana, he proceeded to retire to Rio
Grande do Sul. Government troops were despatched to intercept his
retreat, and in one of the skirmishes which followed Saraiva was killed.
The rebel army then dispersed. Admiral Mello made an unsuccessful attack
on the town of Rio Grande, and then sailed to Buenos Aires, there
surrendering the rebel squadron to the Argentine authorities, by whom it
was immediately delivered to the Brazilian government. After six months
of civil war peace was once more established, but there still remained
some small rebel groups in Rio Grande do Sul. These were joined by
Admiral da Gama and a number of the naval officers, who had escaped from
Rio de Janeiro; but in June 1895 the admiral was killed in a fight with
the government troops. After the cessation of hostilities, the greatest
barbarities were practised upon those who, although they had taken no
part in the insurrection, were known to have desired the overthrow of
President Peixoto. The baron Cerro Azul was shot down without trial;
Marshal de Gama Eza, an old imperial soldier of eighty years of age, was
m