akes, require the coolest ovens. Flue ovens
are best worked with coke, as coal is apt to choke the flues; retort
coke is recommended in place of oven coke. An oven should be fitted
with some kind of thermal register, and both high-temperature
thermometers and pyrometers are used for this purpose. (G. F. Z.)

BREADALBANE, JOHN CAMPBELL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1636-1717), son of Sir John
Campbell of Glenorchy, Bart., and of the Lady Mary Graham, daughter of
William, earl of Airth and Menteith, was born about 1636. He took part
in the abortive royalist rising under Glencairn in 1654, and was one of
those who urged Monk to declare a free parliament in England to
facilitate the restoration. He sat in the Scottish parliament as member
for Argyllshire from 1669 to 1674. As principal creditor he obtained in
October 1672, from George, 6th earl of Caithness, a conveyance of his
dignities, lands and heritable jurisdictions; and after the latter's
death he was created on the 28th of June 1677 earl of Caithness and
viscount of Breadalbane. In 1678 he married the widowed countess of
Caithness, an economical step which saved him the alimentary provision
of 12,000 merks a year he had covenanted to pay. In 1680 he invaded
Caithness with a band of 700 men and defeated and dispossessed the
earl's heir male. The latter, however, was subsequently confirmed in his
lands and titles, and Campbell on the 13th of August 1681 obtained a new
patent with the precedency of the former one, creating him earl of
Breadalbane and Holland, viscount of Tay and Paintland, Lord Glenorchy,
Benederaloch, Ormelie and Weick in the peerage of Scotland, with special
power to nominate his successor from among the sons of his first wife.
In 1685 he was a member of the Scottish privy council. Though nominally
a Presbyterian he had assisted the intolerant and despotic government
of Lauderdale in 1678 with 1700 men. He is described as having "neither
honour nor religion but where they are mixed with interest," as of "fair
complexion, of the gravity of the Spaniard, cunning as a Fox, wise as a
Serpent and supple as an Eel."[1] He was reputed the best headpiece in
Scotland.[2] His influence, owing to his position and abilities, was
greater than that of any man in Scotland after Argyll, and it was of
high moment to King William to gain him and obtain his services in
conciliating the Highlanders. Breadalbane at first carried on
communications with Dundee and was