uth, arsenic and antimony, of which only iron and manganese have
been regularly mined. The copper deposits of Minas Geraes are said to
be promising. Manganese is mined in Minas Geraes for export. Iron ores
have been found in most of the states, and are especially abundant in
Minas Geraes. The Ypanema mine and ironworks, near Sorocaba, Sao
Paulo, which belong to the national government, have been in operation
since 1810 and small charcoal forges were in operation in colonial
times and supplied the mines with a considerable part of the iron
needed by them. Many of the richer deposits have never been developed
because of a lack of fuel and limestone. Bituminous coal of an
inferior quality is mined to a limited extent in Rio Grande do Sul,
and another mine has been opened in Santa Catharina. These coal
deposits extend from Rio Grande do Sul north into the state of Sao
Paulo. Salt, which does not figure in the list of exports, is produced
along the coast between Pernambuco and Cape St Roque. The annual
production is about 240,000 tons.

To illustrate the comparative productiveness and relationship of these
sources of national wealth and industry, the following official
returns of export for the years 1905 and 1906 are arranged in the four
general classes previously discussed, the values being in Brazilian
gold milreis, worth 2s. 3d. or 54.6 cents to the milreis:--

_Agricultural._

1905. 1906.
Milreis, gold. Milreis, gold.

Coffee . . . . . 190,404,576 245,474,525
Cotton . . . . . 10,290,790 14,726,492
Cacau . . . . . 9,240,313 12,323,922
Tobacco . . . . . 7,335,163 8,283,150
Sugar . . . . . 3,608,476 5,388,596
Bran[7] . . . . . 1,490,312 1,128,761
Cottonseed . . . . 964,074 1,084,742
Mandioca flour . . . 692,079 789,913
Fruits . . . . . 606,678 714,332
Castor-oil seeds . . . 214,016 333,250
----------- -----------
224,846,477 290,247,683

_Natural and Forest._

Rubber:
Mangabeira . . . 1,286,672 1,376,014
Manicoba .