antations from ruin. The
crude methods of preparing jerked beef were also modified to some
extent by better equipped abattoirs and establishments for preparing
beef extract, preserved meats, &c. There were also mills for crushing
the dried mate leaves, cigar and cigarette factories, small chocolate
factories, hat factories, brick and tile yards, potteries, tanneries,
saddleries, and many other small industries common to all large
communities. Considerable protection was afforded to many of these
industries by the customs tariff of that time, but protection did not
become an acknowledged national policy until after 1889. After that
time the duties on imports were repeatedly and largely increased, both
as a means of raising larger revenues and as an encouragement to
manufacturing enterprise. Although the protective tariffs thus imposed
have resulted in a large increase in manufacturing industries, some of
them have been antagonistic to the productive interests of the
country, as in the case of weaving mills which use imported yarns.
Other industries are carried on entirely with imported materials, and
are national only in name. Among these are flour mills, factories for
the cutting of wire nails and making hollow ware from sheet iron, and
factories for the manufacture of umbrellas, boots and shoes, &c. The
greatest progress has been made in the manufacture of cotton fabrics,
principally of the plainer and coarser grades used by the common
people. There were 155 of these factories in 1895, but in 1905 only
108 were in operation, with 715,000 spindles, and about 37,000
operatives. Nearly one-half of these were weaving mills, using
imported yarn. The factories are widely distributed, and some are
favoured by state legislation in addition to the national tariff. The
largest and best equipped of them are located in the federal states of
Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, though the greater part of the raw
cotton used comes from the northern states and pays high freight
rates. The manufacture of woollen blankets, cashmeres, flannels, &c.,
had also undergone noteworthy development and is carried on in fifteen
factories, located principally in Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro
and Sao Paulo. Biscuit-making is represented by a large number of
factories, for the most part in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, and
there are a number of breweries of the most modern type in the