he Abrolhos islands and in the shallow waters of Espirito
Santo, where the garoupa, pargo and vermelho (species of _Serranus_)
abound in great numbers.

The extractive or forest industries of Brazil were among the first to
engage the attention of Europeans, and have always been considered a
principal source of colonial and national wealth. The varied uses of
india-rubber in modern times, however, have given them a greatly
enhanced importance and value. Of the exports of 1905, 36% were of
this class, while those of the pastoral and mining industries combined
were not quite 6-1/2%. In 1906 the percentages were 31 and 6.67,
showing a considerable loss for the former and a slight gain for the
latter. The principal products of this class are india-rubber, mate,
Brazil nuts, vegetable wax, palm fibre, cabinet woods, and medicinal
leaves, roots, resins, &c. Before the discovery of the cheaper aniline
colours, dye-woods were among the most valuable products of the
country; in fact, Brazil derives her name from that of a dye-wood
(Brazil-wood--_Caesalpinia echinata_), known as _bresill, brasilly,
bresilji, braxilis_, or _brasile_ long before the discovery of America
(see Humboldt's _Geographic du nouveau continent_, tom. ii. p. 214),
which for many generations was the most highly prized of her natural
productions. Of the total exports of this group (1905) very nearly 90%
was of india-rubber, which percentage was reduced to 85 in the
following year. The exportation for 1906 was 69,761,123 lb. of Hevea,
5,871,968 lb. of manicoba, and 1,440,131 lb. of mangabeira rubber, the
whole valued at 124,941,433 milreis gold. The dried leaves and smaller
twigs of mate (Paraguayan tea--_Ilex paraguayensis_) are exported to
the southern Spanish American republics, where (as in Rio Grande do
Sul) the beverage is exceedingly popular. The export in 1906 amounted
to 127,417,950 lb., officially valued at 16,502,881 milreis gold. The
collection of Brazil nuts along the Amazon and its tributaries is
essentially a poor man's industry, requiring no other plant than a
boat. The harvest comes in January and February, in the rainy season,
and the nut-gatherers often come one or two hundred miles in their
boats to the best forests. The nuts are the fruit of the _Bertholletia
excelsa_, one of the largest trees of the Amazon forest region, and
are enclosed, sixteen to eighteen in number, in