nt due to: A. Faulty Concepts.=--It may be seen from
the foregoing that our judgments, when explicitly grasped by the mind
and predicated in language, reflect the accuracy or inaccuracy of our
concepts. Whatever relations are, as it were, wrapped up in a concept
may merge at any time in the form of explicit judgments. If the fact
that the only Chinamen seen by a child are engaged in laundry work
causes this attribute to enter into his concept Chinaman, this will lead
him to affirm that the restaurant keeper, Wan Lee, is a laundry-man. The
republican who finds two or three cases of corruption among democrats,
may conceive corruption as a quality common to democrats and affirm that
honest John Smith is corrupt. Faulty concepts, therefore, are very
likely to lead to faulty judgments. A first duty in education is
evidently to see that children are forming correct class concepts. For
this it must be seen that they always distinguish the essential features
of the class of objects they are studying. They must learn, also, not to
conclude on account of superficial likeness that really unlike objects
belong to the same class. The child, for instance, in parsing the
sentence, "The swing broke down," must be taught to look for essential
characteristics, and not call the word _swing_ a gerund because it ends
in "ing"; which, though a common characteristic of gerunds, does not
differentiate it from other classes of words. So, also, when the young
nature student notes that the head of the spider is somewhat separated
from the abdomen, he must not falsely conclude that the spider belongs
to the class insects. In like manner, the pupil must not imagine, on
account of superficial differences, that objects really the same belong
to different classes, as for example, that a certain object is not a
fish, but a bird, because it is flying through the air; or that a whale
is a fish and not an animal, because it lives in water. The pupil must
also learn to distinguish carefully between the particular and universal
judgment. To affirm that "Men strive to subdue the air," does not imply
that "John Smith strives to subdue the air." The importance of this
distinction will be considered more fully in our next section.

=B. Feeling.=--Faulty concepts are not, however, the only causes for
wrong judgments. It has been noted already that feeling enters largely
as a factor in our conscious life. Man, therefore, in forming his
judgments, is always in dang