Greeks and Romans in general.[3] The discovery here of an official
monument of Sargon II. suggests that Citium was the administrative
centre of Cyprus during the Assyrian protectorate (700-668 B.C.).[4]
During the Greek revolts of 500, 386 foll. and 352 B.C., Citium led the
side loyal to Persia and was besieged by an Athenian force in 449 B.C.;
its extensive necropolis proves that it remained a considerable city
even after the Greek cause triumphed with Alexander. But like other
cities of Cyprus, it suffered repeatedly from earthquake, and in
medieval times when its harbour became silted the population moved to
Larnaca, on the open roadstead, farther south. Harbour and citadel have
now quite disappeared, the latter having been used to fill up the former
shortly after the British occupation; some gain to health resulted, but
an irreparable loss to science. Traces remain of the circuit wall, and
of a sanctuary with copious terra-cotta offerings; the large necropolis
yields constant loot to illicit excavation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--W.H. Engel, _Kypros_ (Berlin, 1841), (classical
allusions); J.L. Myres, _Journ. Hellenic Studies_, xvii. 147 ff.
(excavations); _Cyprus Museum Catalogue_ (Oxford, 1899), p. 5-6;
153-155; Index (Antiquities); G.F. Hill, _Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins of
Cyprus_ (London, 1904), (Coins). (J.L.M.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Cf. the name Kathian in a Ramessid list of cities of Cyprus,
Oberhummer, _Die Insel Cypern_ (Munich, 1903), p. 4.

[2] Gen. x. 4; Num. xxiv. 24; Is. xxiii. 1, 12; Jer. ii. 10; Ezek.
xxvii. 6.

[3] Dan. xi. 30; I Macc. i. 1; viii. 5.

[4] Schrader, "Die Sargonstele des Berliner Museums," in _Abh. d. k.
Preuss. Akad. Wiss._ (1881); _Zur Geogr. d. assyr. Reiches_ (Berlin,
1890), pp. 337-344.

CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with "denizen,"
from O. Fr. _citeain_, mod. Fr. _citoyen_), etymologically the
inhabitant of a city, _cite_ or _civitas_ (see CITY), and in England the
term still used primarily of persons possessing civic rights in a
borough; thus used also of a townsman as opposed to a countryman. The
more extended use of the word, however, corresponding to _civitas_,
gives "citizen" the meaning of one who is a constituent member of a
state in international relations and as such has full national rights
and owes a certain allegiance (q.v.) as opposed to an "alien"; in
republican countries the term is then commonly employed as