Persia, the West
Indies, Madeira, Sicily, Corsica, and the warmer parts of Spain and
Italy; and in conservatories it is often to be seen in more northerly
regions. Sir Joseph Hooker (_Flora of British India_, i. 514) regards it
as a native of the valleys at the foot of the Himalaya, and of the
Khasia hills and the Western Ghauts; Dr Bonavia, however, considers it
to have originated in Cochin China or China, and to have been introduced
into India, whence it spread to Media and Persia. It was described by
Theophrastus as growing in Media, three centuries before Christ, and was
early known to the ancients, and the fruit was held in great esteem by
them; but they seem to have been acquainted with no other member of the
_Aurantieae_, the introduction of oranges and lemons into the countries
of the Mediterranean being due to the Arabs, between the 10th and 15th
centuries. Josephus tells us that "the law of the Jews required that at
the feast of tabernacles every one should have branches of palm-tree and
citron-tree" (_Antiq._ xiii. 13. 5); and the Hebrew word _tappuach_,
rendered "apples" and "apple-tree" in Cant. ii. 3, 5, Prov. xxv. 11,
&c., probably signifies the citron-tree and its fruit. Oribasius in the
4th century describes the fruit, accurately distinguishing the three
parts of it. About the 3rd century the tree was introduced into Italy;
and, as Gallesio informs us, it was much grown at Salerno in the 11th
century. In China citrons are placed in apartments to make them
fragrant. The rind of the citron yields two perfumes, _oil of cedra_ and
_oil of citron_, isomeric with oil of turpentine; and when candied it is
much esteemed as a dessert and in confectionery. The lemon (q.v.) is now
generally regarded as a subspecies _Limonum_ of _Citrus medica_.

Oribasii Sardiani, _Collectorum Medicinalium Libri XVII._ i. 64 (_De
citrio_); Gallesio, _Traite du citrus_ (1811); Darwin, _Animals and
Plants under Domestication_, i. 334-336 (1868); Brandis, _Forest Flora
of North-West and Central India_, p. 51 (1874); E. Bonavia, _The
Cultivated Oranges and Lemons, &c., of India and Ceylon_ (1890).

CITTADELLA, a town of Venetia, Italy, in the province of Padua, 20 m.
N.W. by rail from the town of Padua; 160 ft. above sea-level. Pop.
(1901) town, 3616; commune, 9686. The town was founded in 1220 by the
Paduans to counterbalance the fortification of Castelfranco, 8 m. to the
E., in 1218 by the Trevisans, and retains its