d of the Batavians. He finally came to an
agreement with Cerialis whereby his countrymen obtained certain
advantages, and resumed amicable relations with Rome. From this time
Civilis disappears from history.

The chief authority for the history of the insurrection is Tacitus,
_Historiae_, iv., v., whose account breaks off at the beginning of
Civilis's speech to Cerialis; see also Josephus, _Bellum Judaicum_,
vii. 4. There is a monograph by E. Meyer, _Der Freiheitskrieg der
Bataver unter Civilis_ (1856); see also Merivale, _Hist. of the Romans
under the Empire_, ch. 58; H. Schiller, _Geschichte der roemischen
Kaiserzeit_, bk. ii. ch. 2, Sec. 54 (1883).

CIVILIZATION. The word "civilization" is an obvious derivative of the
Lat. _civis_, a citizen, and _civilis_, pertaining to a citizen.
Etymologically speaking, then, it would be putting no undue strain upon
the word to interpret it as having to do with the entire period of human
progress since mankind attained sufficient intelligence and social unity
to develop a system of government. But in practice "civilization" is
usually interpreted in a somewhat narrower sense, as having application
solely to the most recent and comparatively brief period of time that
has elapsed since the most highly developed races of men have used
systems of writing. This restricted usage is probably explicable, in
part at least, by the fact that the word, though distinctly modern in
origin, is nevertheless older than the interpretation of social
evolution that now finds universal acceptance. Only very recently has it
come to be understood that primitive societies vastly antedating the
historical period had attained relatively high stages of development and
fixity, socially and politically. Now that this is understood, however,
nothing but an arbitrary and highly inconvenient restriction of meanings
can prevent us from speaking of the citizens of these early societies as
having attained certain stages of civilization. It will be convenient,
then, in outlining the successive stages of human progress here, to
include under the comprehensive term "civilization" those long earlier
periods of "savagery" and "barbarism" as well as the more recent period
of higher development to which the word "civilization" is sometimes
restricted.

Savagery and barbarism.

Adequate proof that civilization as we now know it is the result of a
long, slow process of evolution was put forward n