d, Switzerland, and France.

4. What were the characteristics of the Genevan system instituted by
John Calvin?

5. The results of the Reformation on intellectual development,
political freedom, scientific thought, and, in general, on human
progress.

6. The effect of the Reformation on the character and policy of the
Romanist Church (Catholic).

7. What was the nature of the quarrels of Henry IV and Gregory VII, of
Innocent III and John of England, of Boniface and Philip the Fair?

[1] _Theologia Germania_, generally accredited to Tauler, but written
by one of his followers.

[2] _The Holy Roman Empire_, p. 327.

[3] _History of Civilization_, vol. I, pp. 255-257.

[4] Recent writers emphasize the economic and national causes, which
should be added to this list.

[5] Luther sent his ninety-five theses to Archbishop Albert of Mainz.

[6] Luther had many friends In the diet. Also he was in his own
country before a German national assembly. Huss was in a foreign
country before a church assembly.

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CHAPTER XXV

CONSTITUTIONAL LIBERTY AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

_Progress in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries_.--It is not easy
to mark in brief space the steps of progress in the complex activities
of the great movements of society of the first centuries of the period
of modern history. It is not possible to relate the details of the
great historical movements, with their many phases of life moving on
toward great achievements. Only a few of the salient and vital
features may be presented, but these will be sufficient to show the
resultant general achievements coming from the interaction of a
multitude of forces of an expanding civilization. The great
determiners of this period are found in the national life of England,
France, Germany, and America. Out of many complex movements and causes
the dominant factor is the struggle of monarchy and democracy. The
revival of learning, the Protestant revolution, and the attempts at
popular government heralded the coming of political liberty and the
recognition of the rights of man. The whole complex is a vivid example
of the processes of social evolution through the interaction of groups,
each moving about a central idea. Again and again when freedom of mind
and liberty of action seem to be successful, they have been obscured by
new social maladies or retarded by adverse environmental conditions.

_The Struggle of Monarchy with Democ