influences of common nationality and common
ancestry or race, which are natural foundations of an expanded society.

Along with this are the secondary influences, the memories and
associations of a common birthplace or a common territorial community,
and by local habitation of village, town, city, or country. But the
differentiation of industrial functions or activities has been most
potent in developing social complexity. The multiplication of
activities, the choice of occupation, and the division of labor have
multiplied the economic groups by the thousand. Following this,
natural voluntary social groups spring up on every hand.

Again, partly by choice and partly by environment, we find society
drawn together in other groups, more or less influenced by those just
enumerated. From the earliest forms of social existence we find men
are grouped together on the basis of wealth. The interests of the rich
are common, as are also the {453} interests of the poor and those of
the well-to-do. Nor is it alone a matter of interest, but in part of
choice, that these groupings occur. This community of interests brings
about social coherence.

Again, the trades, professions, and occupations of men draw them
together in associated groups. It is not infrequent that men engaged
in the same profession are thrown together in daily contact, have the
same interests, sentiments, and thought, and form in this way a group
which stands almost aloof from other groups in social life; tradesmen
dealing in a certain line of goods are thrown together in the same way.
But the lines in these groupings must not be too firmly drawn, for
groups formed on the basis of friendship may cover a field partaking in
part of all these different groups. Again, we shall find that the
school lays the foundation of early associations, and continues to have
an influence in creating social aggregates. Fraternal societies and
political parties in the same way form associated groups.

The church at large forms a great organizing centre, the influence of
which in political and social life enlarges every day. The church body
arranges itself in different groups on the basis of the different sects
and denominations, and within the individual church organization there
are small groups or societies, which again segregate religious social
life. But over and above all these various social groups and classes
is the state, binding and making all cohere in a common