nations of laborers and masters. Power manufacture and the
inventions named above changed the whole structure of industrial
society.

_The Industrial Revolution_.--The period from 1760 to about 1830 is
generally given as that of the industrial revolution, because this
period is marked by tremendous changes in the industrial order. It
might be well to remark, however, that if the industrial revolution
began about 1760, it has really never ended, for new inventions and new
discoveries have continually come--a larger use of steam-power, the
introduction of transportation by railroads and steamship-lines, the
modern processes of agriculture, the large use of electricity, with
many inventions, have constantly increased power manufacture and drawn
the line more clearly between the laborers on one side and the
capitalists or managers on the other.

In the first place, because the home and the small shop could not
contain the necessary machinery, large factories equipped with great
power-machines became necessary, and into the factories flocked the
laborers, who formerly were independent handcraft manufacturers or
merchants. It was necessary to have people to organize this labor and
to oversee its work--that is, "bosses" were necessary. Under these
circumstances the capitalistic managers were using labor with as little
consideration or, indeed, less than they used raw material in the
manufacture of goods. The laborers must seek employment in the great
factories. The managers forced them down to the lowest rate of wage,
caused them to live in {438} ill-ventilated factories in danger of life
and health from the machinery, and to work long hours. They employed
women and children, who suffered untold miseries. The production of
goods demanded more and more coal, and women went into the coal-mines
and worked fourteen to sixteen hours a day.

Society was not ready for the great and sudden change and could not
easily adjust itself to new conditions. Capital was necessary, and
must have its reward. Factories were necessary to give the laborers a
chance to labor. Labor was necessary, but it did not seem necessary to
give any consideration to the justice of the laborer nor to his
suffering. The wage system and the capitalistic system
developed--systems that the socialists have been fighting against for
more than a century. Labor, pressed down and suffering, arose in its
own defense and organized. It was successively deni