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could be more absurd or further from the truth. Any healthy horse--any
horse with normal sensation and with a normally flexible back--will
cause it to sink when manipulated in this way. If the kidneys are
inflamed and sensitive, the back is held more rigidly and is not
depressed under this pressure.

To examine the kidneys by pressure the pressure should be brought to
bear over these organs. The kidneys lie beneath the ends of the
transverse processes of the vertebrae of the loins and beneath the
hind-most ribs. If the kidneys are actually inflamed and especially
sensitive, pressure or light blows applied here may cause the horse to
shrink.

The physical examination of the sexual and generative organs is made in
large part through the rectum, and this portion of the examination
should be carried out by a veterinarian only. By this means it is
possible to discover or locate cysts of the kidneys, urinary calculi in
the ureters, bladder, or upper urethra, malformations, and acute
inflammations accompanied by pain. The external genital organs are
swollen, discolored, or show a discharge as a result of local disease or
from disease higher in the tract.

The manner of urinating is sometimes of considerable diagnostic
importance. Painful urination is shown by frequent attempts, during
which but a small quantity of urine is passed; by groaning, by
constrained attitude, etc. This condition comes from inflammation of the
bladder or urethra, urinary calculi (stones of the bladder or urethra),
hemorrhage, tumors, bruises, etc. The urine is retained from spasms of
the muscle at the neck of the bladder, from calculi, inflammatory
growths, tumors, and paralysis of the bladder.

The urine dribbles without control when the neck of the bladder is
weakened or paralyzed. This condition is seen after the bladder is
weakened from long-continued retention and where there is a partial
paralysis of the hind quarters.

Horses usually void urine five to seven times a day, and pass from 4 to
7 quarts. Disease may be shown by increase in the number of voidings or
of the quantity. Frequent urination indicates an irritable or painful
condition of the bladder or urethra or that the quantity is excessive.
In one form of chronic inflammation of the kidneys (interstitial
nephritis) and in polyuria the quantity may be increased to 20 or 30
quarts daily. Diminution in the quantity of urine comes from profuse
sweating, diarrhea, high fever, weak h