t 4 ounces of the
liquid allowed to escape on the tongue as far back as possible, care
being taken not to get the neck of the bottle between the back teeth.
The bottle is to be immediately removed, and if the horse does not
swallow this can be encouraged by rubbing the fingers or neck of the
bottle against the roof of the mouth, occasionally removing them. As
soon as this is swallowed repeat the operation until he has taken all
the drench. If coughing occurs, or if, by any mishap, the bottle should
be crushed in the mouth, lower the head immediately.

Do not rub, pinch, or pound the throat nor draw out the tongue when
giving a drench. These processes in no way aid the horse to swallow and
oftener do harm than good. In drenching, swallowing may be hastened by
pouring into the nose of the horse, while the head is high, a few
teaspoonfuls of clean water, but _drenches must never be given through
the nose_. Large quantities of medicine given by pouring into the nose
are liable to strangle the animal, or, if the medicine is irritating, it
sets up an inflammation of the nose, fauces, windpipe, and sometimes the
lungs.

BY THE AIR PASSAGES.--Medicines are administered to the lungs and upper
air passages by insufflation, inhalation, injection, and nasal douche.

_Insufflation_ consists in blowing an impalpable powder directly into
the nose. It is but rarely resorted to.

_Inhalation._--Gaseous and volatile medicines are given by inhalation,
as is also medicated steam or vapor. Of the gases used there may be
mentioned, as the chief ones, sulphurous acid gas and, occasionally,
chlorin. The animal or animals are to be placed in a tight room, where
these gases are generated until the atmosphere is sufficiently
impregnated with them. Volatile medicines--as the anesthetics (ether,
chloroform, etc.)--are to be given by the attending surgeon only.
Medicated vapors are to be inhaled by placing a bucket containing hot
water, vinegar and water, scalded hay or bran, to which carbolic acid,
iodin, compound tincture of benzoin, or other medicines have been added,
in the bottom of a long grain bag. The horse's nose is to be inserted
into the top of the bag, and he thus inhales the "medicated steam." Care
must be taken not to have it hot enough to scald the animal. The vapor
from scalding bran or hay is often thus inhaled to favor discharges in
sore throat or "distemper."

_Injections_ are made into the trachea by means of a hypodermic sy