everywhere vast prairies; this is the route to take for the upper
Missouri."--_Wisconsin Historical Collections_, Vol. XVIII, pp. 167-195.
A picturesque account of the life of the French traders is given in
Neill's _The History of Minnesota_ (Fourth Edition), pp. 115-119.

[5] _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, Vol. XVIII, p. 251; Turner's
_The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin_ in the
_Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science_,
Vol. IX, pp. 584, 585.

[6] Thwaites's _Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition_,
Vol. VII, p. 373. In 1792, Peter Grant built a trading house on the site
of St. Vincent, Minnesota, on the east bank of the Red River, and in
1800-1801 the fort of Pembina was erected by the great traveller,
Alexander Henry, the younger.--_South Dakota Historical Collections_,
Vol. I, p. 138.

[7] _American State Papers, Indian Affairs_, Vol. I, p. 684.

[8] Thwaites's _Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition_,
Vol. I, pp. 227, 228. Traders of the Hudson's Bay Company also
frequented the spot. Sergeant John Ordway records in his journal for
December 1, 1804, that "a Scotsman who is tradeing at the Mandens came
to visit us. he belonged to the hudson bay company.... he brought over
Tobacco Beeds & other kinds of Goods. & traded with the Mandens for
their furs & buffalow Robes. they bring Some Guns to trade for horses &.
C. this hudsons bay comp^y lay Garrisoned near the N. W. Comp^y....
Eight or 10 days travel by land a North course from this."--_Wisconsin
Historical Collections_, Vol. XXII, p. 169.

[9] Chittenden's _The History of the American Fur Trade of the Far
West_, Vol. II, p. 556.

[10] Coues's _The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike_, Vol. I, pp. 279, 280.

[11] Coues's _The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike_, Vol. I, p. 286.

[12] Coues's _The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike_, Vol. I, p. 280.

[13] Coues's _The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike_, Vol. I, p. 156.

[14] Coues's _The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike_, Vol. I, p. 171.

[15] Coues's _The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike_, Vol. I, p. 252.

[16] Wilkinson's instructions to Pike are printed in Coues's _The
Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike_, Vol. II, pp. 842-844. Before the
founding of Fort Snelling the Minnesota River was called by the French
voyageurs the "St. Pierre". When the Americans were established on its
banks they anglicized this name into "St. Peter's". The fort, the