Historical
Collections_, Vol. XIX, pp. 430-433, 472-474.

[39] Schoolcraft's _Personal Memoirs of a Residence of Thirty Years with
the Indian Tribes_, p. 19.

[40] Irving's _The Sketch-Book_ (Hudson Edition), p. 489.

[41] Carr's _Missouri_, p. 121.

[42] _Niles' Register_, Vol. VIII, p. 436, August 19, 1815.

[43] _American State Papers, Indian Affairs_, Vol. II, p. 86.

[44] _United States Statutes at Large_, Vol. III, p. 332. John Jacob
Astor of the American Fur Company has received the credit for the
passage of this law.--Folwell's _Minnesota_, p. 54; Coman's _Economic
Beginnings of the Far West_, Vol. I, pp. 344, 345. This is neglecting
the fact that there was a unanimous outcry against foreign traders--one
of the signs that the War of 1812 marks the rise of American
nationality. The legislation of April 29, 1816, was not wholly
satisfactory to Astor. "I have seen a letter", wrote William H. Puthuff,
Indian agent at Mackinac, "addressed by J. J. Astor to a Mr. Franks a
British trader now at this place in which Mr. Astor expresses surprise
and regret at the passage of a law forbidding British subjects from
trading with Indians, within the American limits etc."--_Wisconsin
Historical Collections_, Vol. XIX, p. 423. What Mr. Astor wanted was the
prohibition of trade by American private citizens as well as by British
private citizens. If his American Fur Company were given a monopoly as
he desired, he also wanted to be free to employ such persons--American
or British--as he needed.

[45] Or, more correctly from the point where a north and south line
drawn through the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods would
intersect this parallel.--_Treaties and Conventions concluded between
the United States of America and other powers since July 4, 1776_, p.
416.

[46] _Treaties and Conventions concluded between the United States of
America and other powers since July 4, 1776_, p. 377.

[47] Coues's _The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike_, Vol. I, p. 279.

[48] _Niles' Register_, Vol. XIV, pp. 387-389.

[49] There is an excellent account of the United States trading house
system in Quaife's _Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673-1835_, pp.
289-309.

[50] Coues's _The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike_, Vol. I, p. 228.

[51] _American State Papers, Indian Affairs_, Vol. II, p. 6.

[52] _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, Vol. XX, p. 39.

CHAPTER II

[53] For the erection of these posts see Quaife's _Chica