a socialist, has sought to show that criminality is a
direct product of the modern economic system. Without accepting either
the evidence or the conclusions of Bonger, it cannot be gainsaid that
the modern offender must be studied from the standpoint of his failure
to participate in a wholesome and normal way in our competitive,
secondary society which rests upon the institution of private property
and individual competition.

The failure of the delinquent to conform to the social code may be
studied from two standpoints: (a) that of the individual as an
organization of original mental and temperamental traits, and (b) that
of a person with a status and a role in the social group. The book _The
Individual Delinquent_, by William Healy, placed the study of the
offender as an individual upon a sound scientific basis. That the person
can and should be regarded as part and parcel of his social milieu has
been strikingly illustrated by T. M. Osborne in two books, _Within
Prison Walls_ and _Society and Prisons_. The fact seems to be that the
problem of crime is essentially like that of the other major problems of
our social order, and its solution involves three elements, namely:
(a) the analysis of the aptitudes of the individual and the wishes of
the person; (b) the analysis of the activities of our society with its
specialization and division of labor; and (c) the accommodation or
adjustment of the individual to the social and economic environment.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. BIOLOGICAL COMPETITION

(1) Crile, George W. _Man an Adaptive Mechanism._ New York, 1901.

(2) Darwin, Charles. _The Origin of Species._ London, 1859.

(3) Wallace, Alfred Russel. _Studies Scientific and Social._ 2 vols. New
York, 1900.

(4) ----. _Darwinism._ An exposition of the theory of natural selection
with some of its applications. Chap. iv, "The Struggle for Existence,"
pp. 14-40; chap. v, "Natural Selection by Variation and Survival of the
Fittest," pp. 102-25. 3d ed. London, 1901.

(5) Weismann, August. _On Germinal Selection as a Source of Definite
Variation._ Translated from the German. Chicago, 1896.

(6) Malthus, T. R. _An Essay on the Principle of Population._ Or a view
of its past and present effects on human happiness, with an inquiry into
our prospects respecting the future removal or mitigation of the evils
which it occasions. 2d ed. London, 1803. [1st ed., 1798.]

(7) Knapp, G. F. "Darwin und Socialwissenschaften," _