e says, "has _two_
participles--the _imperfect_ and the _perfect_."--P. 78. Yet, for the verb
_love_, he finds these six: two "IMPERFECT, _Loving_ and _Being loved_;"
two "PERFECT, _Having loved_, and _Having been loved_;" one "AUXILIARY
PERFECT, _Loved_," of the "_Active Voice_;" and one "PASSIVE, _Loved_," of
the "_Passive Voice_." Many old writers erroneously represent the
participle in _ing_ as always active, and the participle in _ed_ or _en_ as
always passive; and some, among whom is Buchanan, making no distinction
between the simple perfect _loved_ and the compound _having loved_, place
the latter with the former, and call it passive also. The absurdity of this
is manifest: for _having loved_ or _having seen_ is active; _having been_
or _having sat_ is neuter; and _having been loved_ or _having been seen_ is
passive. Again, the triple compound, _having been writing_, is active; and
_having been sitting_ is neuter; but if one speak of goods as _having been
selling_ low, a similar compound is passive.

OBS. 8.--Now all the compound participles which begin with _having_ are
essentially alike; and, as a class of terms, they ought to have a name
adapted to their nature, and expressive of their leading characteristic.
_Having loved_ differs from the simple participle _loved_, in signification
as well as in form; and, if this participle is to be named with reference
to its _meaning_, there is no more suitable term for it than the epithet
PREPERFECT,--a word which explains itself, like _prepaid_ or
_prerequisite_. Of the many other names, the most correct one is
PLUPERFECT,--which is a term of very nearly the same meaning. Not because
this compound is really of the pluperfect _tense_, but because it always
denotes being, action, or passion, that is, or was, or will be, _completed
before_ the doing or being of something else; and, of course, when the
latter thing is represented as past, the participle must correspond to the
pluperfect tense of its verb; as, "_Having explained_ her views, it was
necessary she should expatiate on the vanity and futility of the enjoyments
promised by Pleasure."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 181. Here _having explained_
is exactly equivalent to _when she had explained_. Again: "I may say, _He
had commanded_, and we obeyed; or, _He having commanded_, we
obeyed."--_Fetch's Comprehensive Gram._, p. ix. Here the two phrases in
Italics correspond in import, though not in construction.

OBS. 9.--_Pluperf